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When all you need is a basic understanding of the anatomy of the muscular system, supplemented by current evidence and research, Cram Sessions on Functional Anatomy: Applications and Problem Solving for Real-Life Situations is what you will look to for quick, at-your-fingertips facts. Cram Sessions on Functional Anatomy by Drs. Benjamin, Bechtel, and Conroy is a concise and illustrated quick reference that takes over 60 years of combined clinical experience to provide an understanding of the muscular system and its relation to the fascial and ligamentous systems in the human body, providing benefits for improved patient care and streamlined exercise prescription. What is in your Cram Session? Translation of basic anatomy through both clinical expertise and research evidence A unique understanding of the muscular system and its role in health and disease A section on \"clinical pearls\" for each muscle or group - helping make practical use of the anatomical data, and improving the diagnosis and treatment of common patient problems Over 100 photographs and line art depicting each muscle or group of muscles Cram Sessions on Functional Anatomy: Applications and Problem Solving for Real-Life Situations is a practical, easy-to-read handbook for all students and clinicians involved in physical therapy, athletic training, occupational therapy, and other rehabilitation professions.

Background The exponential growth of image-based diagnostic and minimally invasive interventions requires a detailed three-dimensional anatomical knowledge and increases the demand towards the undergraduate anatomical curriculum. This randomized controlled trial investigates whether musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) or arthroscopic methods can increase the anatomical knowledge uptake. Methods Second-year medical students were randomly allocated to three groups. In addition to the compulsory dissection course, the ultrasound group (MSUS) was taught by eight, didactically and professionally trained, experienced student-teachers and the arthroscopy group (ASK) was taught by eight experienced physicians. The control group (CON) acquired the anatomical knowledge only via the dissection course. Exposure (MSUS and ASK) took place in two separate lessons (75 minutes each, shoulder and knee joint) and introduced standard scan planes using a 10-MHz ultrasound system as well as arthroscopy tutorials at a simulator combined with video tutorials. The theoretical anatomic learning outcomes were tested using a multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ), and after cross-over an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Differences in student’s perceptions were evaluated using Likert scale-based items. Results The ASK-group (n = 70, age 23.4 (20–36) yrs.) performed moderately better in the anatomical MC exam in comparison to the MSUS-group (n = 84, age 24.2 (20–53) yrs.) and the CON-group (n = 88, 22.8 (20–33) yrs.; p = 0.019). After an additional arthroscopy teaching 1% of students failed the MC exam, in contrast to 10% in the MSUS- or CON-group, respectively. The benefit of the ASK module was limited to the shoulder area (p < 0.001). The final examination (OSCE) showed no significant differences between any of the groups with good overall performances. In the evaluation, the students certified the arthroscopic tutorial a greater advantage concerning anatomical skills with higher spatial imagination in comparison to the ultrasound tutorial (p = 0.002; p < 0.001). Conclusions The additional implementation of arthroscopy tutorials to the dissection course during the undergraduate anatomy training is profitable and attractive to students with respect to complex joint anatomy. Simultaneous teaching of basic-skills in musculoskeletal ultrasound should be performed by medical experts, but seems to be inferior to the arthroscopic 2D-3D-transformation, and is regarded by students as more difficult to learn. Although arthroscopy and ultrasound teaching do not have a major effect on learning joint anatomy, they have the potency to raise the interest in surgery.

Mice are one of the most commonly used laboratory animals, with an extensive array of disease models in existence, including for many neuromuscular diseases. The hindlimb is of particular interest due to several close muscle analogues/homologues to humans and other species. A detailed anatomical study describing the adult morphology is lacking, however. This study describes in detail the musculoskeletal geometry and skeletal muscle architecture of the mouse hindlimb and pelvis, determining the extent to which the muscles are adapted for their function, as inferred from their architecture. Using I2KI enhanced microCT scanning and digital segmentation, it was possible to identify 39 distinct muscles of the hindlimb and pelvis belonging to nine functional groups. The architecture of each of these muscles was determined through microdissections, revealing strong architectural specialisations between the functional groups. The hip extensors and hip adductors showed significantly stronger adaptations towards high contraction velocities and joint control relative to the distal functional groups, which exhibited larger physiological cross sectional areas and longer tendons, adaptations for high force output and elastic energy savings. These results suggest that a proximo-distal gradient in muscle architecture exists in the mouse hindlimb. Such a gradient has been purported to function in aiding locomotor stability and efficiency. The data presented here will be especially valuable to any research with a focus on the architecture or gross anatomy of the mouse hindlimb and pelvis musculature, but also of use to anyone interested in the functional significance of muscle design in relation to quadrupedal locomotion.

Bioelectronic interfaces have been extensively investigated in recent years and advances in technology derived from these tools, such as soft and ultrathin sensors, now offer the opportunity to interface with parts of the body that were largely unexplored due to the lack of suitable tools. The musculoskeletal system is an understudied area where these new technologies can result in advanced capabilities. Bones as a sensor and stimulation location offer tremendous advantages for chronic biointerfaces because devices can be permanently bonded and provide stable optical, electromagnetic, and mechanical impedance over the course of years. Here we introduce a new class of wireless battery-free devices, named osseosurface electronics, which feature soft mechanics, ultra-thin form factor and miniaturized multimodal biointerfaces comprised of sensors and optoelectronics directly adhered to the surface of the bone. Potential of this fully implanted device class is demonstrated via real-time recording of bone strain, millikelvin resolution thermography and delivery of optical stimulation in freely-moving small animal models. Battery-free device architecture, direct growth to the bone via surface engineered calcium phosphate ceramic particles, demonstration of operation in deep tissue in large animal models and readout with a smartphone highlight suitable characteristics for exploratory research and utility as a diagnostic and therapeutic platform. The development of high-performance implantable soft electronics as diagnostic platforms is key to realizing improved health monitoring. Here, the authors design wireless, battery-free, implantable bioelectronics that interface with the osseosurface for chronic musculoskeletal system monitoring.

Living amphibians (Lissamphibia) include frogs and salamanders (Batrachia) and the limbless worm-like caecilians (Gymnophiona). The estimated Palaeozoic era gymnophionan–batrachian molecular divergence 1 suggests a major gap in the record of crown lissamphibians prior to their earliest fossil occurrences in the Triassic period 2 – 6 . Recent studies find a monophyletic Batrachia within dissorophoid temnospondyls 7 – 10 , but the absence of pre-Jurassic period caecilian fossils 11 , 12 has made their relationships to batrachians and affinities to Palaeozoic tetrapods controversial 1 , 8 , 13 , 14 . Here we report the geologically oldest stem caecilian—a crown lissamphibian from the Late Triassic epoch of Arizona, USA—extending the caecilian record by around 35 million years. These fossils illuminate the tempo and mode of early caecilian morphological and functional evolution, demonstrating a delayed acquisition of musculoskeletal features associated with fossoriality in living caecilians, including the dual jaw closure mechanism 15 , 16 , reduced orbits 17 and the tentacular organ 18 . The provenance of these fossils suggests a Pangaean equatorial origin for caecilians, implying that living caecilian biogeography reflects conserved aspects of caecilian function and physiology 19 , in combination with vicariance patterns driven by plate tectonics 20 . These fossils reveal a combination of features that is unique to caecilians alongside features that are shared with batrachian and dissorophoid temnospondyls, providing new and compelling evidence supporting a single origin of living amphibians within dissorophoid temnospondyls. Analysis of fossils of the oldest known caecilian provide insights into the origin and morphological and functional evolution of caecilians.

This book is aimed at the radiology trainee, the practising radiologist, sonographers and other clinicians in related disciplines such as orthopaedics and sports medicine. It aims to provide the reader with the essential grounding in normal ultrasound anatomy.

Musculoskeletal simulations often rely on generic models that may fail to accurately represent individual anatomy. While personalization using medical imaging can enhance model accuracy, it is often assumed to be more critical for pathological cases or pediatric populations, as generic models are typically based on healthy adults. However, even in healthy adults, generic models may not capture individual anatomical variability. In this study, we present a semi-automatic workflow for creating personalized musculoskeletal models based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our workflow concentrates on creating subject-specific joint centers and muscle paths. It also reconstructs bone surfaces without requiring MRI segmentation. It integrates 3D Slicer and Python scripts, and uses Thin-Plate Spline (‘TPS’) mapping of anatomically equivalent (‘homologous’) landmarks from generic models onto participants’ anatomy. We applied this workflow to eight healthy participants, generating both generic-scaled and MRI-based models. Simulations were performed using participants’ 3D motion capture data. Two model types were compared using a number of parameters, including model geometry, joint kinematics, dynamics, and resultant joint contact forces during one gait cycle. The results revealed clear geometric differences between the model types, with MRI-based models exhibiting a wider pelvis (mean distance between ischial bones was 98.0 ± 5.0 mm in generic-scaled and 11.0 ± 8.0 mm in MRI-based models) and distinct femur/tibia proportions (the mean ratio was 0.92 ± 0.040 in generic-scaled and 0.99 ± 0.033 in MRI-based models). MRI-based models captured systematic anatomical differences between males and females that were absent in generic-scaled models. These geometric differences substantially affected joint loading estimates. MRI-based models consistently produced higher peak joint contact forces with greater inter-individual variation, particularly at the knee joints. Early stance knee peak joint contact force was higher in the MRI-based compared with the generic-scaled model by 0.84 ± 1.28 body weights on average. Despite these differences in geometry and loading, joint kinematics were similar within individuals (mean difference was 0.8 ± 2 . 47° ) and muscle moment arms aligned well with published cadaver data, supporting the validity of the personalization approach. This workflow simplifies the creation of MRI-based musculoskeletal models and challenges the assumption that personalization is unnecessary for healthy adults. The findings reveal significant sensitivity of joint contact forces to individual morphology, emphasizing the importance of personalized models even in healthy populations for biomechanical analyses.

The musculoskeletal network is a complex system of different types of nodes and edges interacting with each other. Although there is a wealth of knowledge about the anatomical components of the human body and the connections between them, the interdependence of these components as a system remains largely unexplored. This study aims to understand the structure of musculoskeletal networks by using hypergraphs as a model of the musculoskeletal system with many-to-many connections. We used both pairwise and hypergraph-based embedding methods to learn the connectivity of muscles. Experiments demonstrated the superiority of the proposed hypergraph-based method over pairwise methods in distinguishing the specific roles of the muscles connecting different body parts.

Trajectory optimization with musculoskeletal models can be used to reconstruct measured movements and to predict changes in movements in response to environmental changes. It enables an exhaustive analysis of joint angles, joint moments, ground reaction forces, and muscle forces, among others. However, its application is still limited to simplified problems in two dimensional space or straight motions. The simulation of movements with directional changes, e.g. curved running, requires detailed three dimensional models which lead to a high-dimensional solution space. We extended a full-body three dimensional musculoskeletal model to be specialized for running with directional changes. Model dynamics were implemented implicitly and trajectory optimization problems were solved with direct collocation to enable efficient computation. Standing, straight running, and curved running were simulated starting from a random initial guess to confirm the capabilities of our model and approach: efficacy, tracking and predictive power. Altogether the simulations required 1 h 17 min and corresponded well to the reference data. The prediction of curved running using straight running as tracking data revealed the necessity of avoiding interpenetration of body segments. In summary, the proposed formulation is able to efficiently predict a new motion task while preserving dynamic consistency. Hence, labor-intensive and thus costly experimental studies could be replaced by simulations for movement analysis and virtual product design.