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"Myalgia - physiopathology"
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Foam Rolling and Muscle and Joint Proprioception After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Foam rolling (FR) is considered an effective postexercise modality for reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness and enhancing recovery of muscle function. However, the effects of FR on muscle and joint proprioception have not been investigated.
To examine the effects of FR on muscle and joint proprioception after an intense exercise protocol.
Controlled laboratory study.
University-based laboratory.
A total of 80 healthy, physically active male students were randomly assigned to either the FR (n = 40; age = 22.8 ± 3.3 years, height = 176.4 ± 5.3 cm, mass = 74.2 ± 6.4 kg) or passive-recovery (PR; n = 40; age = 23.0 ± 3.2 years, height = 178.1 ± 5.5 cm, mass = 74.6 ± 6.2 kg) group.
Participants in both groups performed 4 sets of 25 repetitions of voluntary maximal eccentric contractions at 60°/s from 20° to 100° of knee flexion to induce exercise-induced muscle damage. The exercise was followed by either PR or 2 minutes of FR immediately (1 hour) and 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise.
Muscle soreness, pressure-pain threshold, quadriceps-muscle strength, joint position sense, isometric force sense, and threshold to detect passive movement at baseline and immediately, 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise after FR.
Foam rolling resulted in decreased muscle pain, increased pressure-pain threshold, improved joint position sense, attenuated force loss, and reduced threshold to detect passive movement compared with PR at 24 and 48 hours postexercise.
Foam rolling postexercise diminished delayed-onset muscle soreness and improved recovery of muscle strength and joint proprioception. These results suggested that FR enhanced recovery from exercise-induced damage.
Journal Article
Neurophysiological outcomes of combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation on DOMS among young athletes: A randomized controlled trial
This study investigates the potential benefits of a combined electromagnetic stimulation therapy, involving both transcranial and peripheral stimulation (paired-associative electromagnetic stimulation), to address Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Forty-eight young athletes participated in this randomized controlled trial and were allocated to the control group (n = 12), the peripheral group (n = 13), the transcranial group (n = 11), and the combined group (n = 12). Surface electromyography (EMG) during leg extension and peak force were used to assess the response of the peripheral nerves. Additionally, force dynamometry and the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) test were employed to evaluate the progression of lower limb sports performance over the study period. All assessments were performed before and after the eccentric exercise session that induced DOMS, as well as at 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-exercise. The combined group exhibited significantly greater muscle activation in both electromyographic recordings compared to the other groups (p < 0.001), with large effect sizes for EMG peak in vastus medialis (η²p = 0.786), vastus lateralis (η²p = 0.821), and rectus femoris (η²p = 0.816). Moreover, the combined group demonstrated a marked improvement in both force dynamometry (η²p = 0.593) and CMJ performance (η²p = 0.520), with significant differences observed compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, paired-associative electromagnetic stimulation shows promise in enhancing muscle activity and improving lower limb performance by facilitating recovery from DOMS in young athletes. The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000677606) on June 23 rd , 2024 ( https://anzctr.org.au/ ).
Journal Article
Effects of compression garment on muscular efficacy, proprioception, and recovery after exercise-induced muscle fatigue onset for people who exercise regularly
Fatigue is a major cause of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Compression garments (CGs) can aid post-exercise recovery, therefore, this study explored the effects of CGs on muscular efficacy, proprioception, and recovery after exercise-induced muscle fatigue in people who exercise regularly. Twelve healthy participants who exercised regularly were enrolled in this study. Each participant completed an exercise-induced muscle fatigue test while wearing a randomly assigned lower-body CG or sports pants (SP); after at least 7 days, the participant repeated the test while wearing the other garment. The dependent variables were muscle efficacy, proprioception (displacements of center of pressure/COP, and absolute error), and fatigue recovery (muscle oxygen saturation/SmO 2 , deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate, and subjective muscle soreness). A two-way repeated measure analysis of variance was conducted to determine the effect of garment type. The results indicated that relative to SP use, CG use can promote muscle efficacy, proprioception in ML displacement of COP, and fatigue recovery. Higher deoxygenation and reoxygenation rates were observed with CG use than with SP use. For CG use, SmO 2 quickly returned to baseline value after 10 min of rest and was maintained at a high level until after 1 h of rest, whereas for SP use, SmO 2 increased with time after fatigue onset. ML displacement of COP quickly returned to baseline value after 10 min of rest and subsequently decreased until after 1 hour of rest. Relative to SP use, CG use was associated with a significantly lower ML displacement after 20 min of rest. In conclusion, proprioception and SmO 2 recovery was achieved after 10 min of rest; however, at least 24 h may be required for recovery pertaining to muscle efficacy and soreness regardless of CG or SP use.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of cold-water immersion vs. massage in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness and enhancing recovery following CrossFit® Murph Workout: Randomized rial
The Murph workout, one of the most challenging CrossFit® workouts, demands endurance and high intensity. This WOD (Workout of the Day) includes a 1-mile run, 100 pull-ups, 200 push-ups, 300 air squats, and another 1-mile run, typically performed while wearing a weighted vest. Due to its high physical demands, athletes commonly experience Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), characterized by increased sensitivity, fatigue, and reduced muscle function. To minimize these effects and ensure proper recovery, it is essential to adopt strategies that restore muscle function, reduce pain, and allow athletes to return to training without an elevated risk of injury. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of massage therapy (MAS) or cold-water immersion (CWI) as a recovery intervention for DOMS in athletes following high-intensity physical activity during the CrossFit® Murph workout. For this purpose, thirty individuals with a minimum of six months of CrossFit® experience and familiarity with all exercises used in the study were recruited. Pain assessment questionnaires, including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the A-DOM questionnaire, along with a socioeconomic questionnaire, were administered before and after WOD. Additionally, pain assessments were conducted using algometry and thermographic imaging. After completing the WOD, participants were randomly assigned to one of two recovery interventions: MAS or CWI. The study results highlight the differential impacts of CWI and MAS on pain management and recovery dynamics following structured exercise. Our findings clearly demonstrate that CWI significantly reduces pain prevalence, both at rest and during exercise, as evidenced by the absence of pain reports from participants 48 hours after the intervention. While our study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of CWI and MAS for post-exercise recovery, limitations such as the non-blinded study design and small sample size may influence the generalizability of the findings.
Journal Article
Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes
Context: Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been applied widely as a recovery method, but little evidence is available to support its effectiveness. Objective: To investigate the effects of CWI on muscle damage, perceived muscle soreness, and muscle power recovery of the upper and lower limbs after jiu-jitsu training. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory and field. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 8 highly trained male athletes (age = 24.0 ± 3.6 years, mass = 78.4 ± 2.4 kg, percentage of body fat = 13.1% ± 3.6%) completed all study phases. Intervention(s): We randomly selected half of the sample for recovery using CWI (6.0°C ± 0.5°C) for 19 minutes; the other participants were allocated to the control condition (passive recovery). Treatments were reversed in the second session (after 1 week). Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes; perceived muscle soreness; and recovery through visual analogue scales and muscle power of the upper and lower limbs at pretraining, postrecovery, 24 hours, and 48 hours. Results: Athletes who underwent CWI showed better posttraining recovery measures because circulating LDH levels were lower at 24 hours postrecovery in the CWI condition (441.9 ± 81.4 IU/L) than in the control condition (493.6 ± 97.4 IU/L; P = .03). Estimated muscle power was higher in the CWI than in the control condition for both upper limbs (757.9 ± 125.1 W versus 695.9 ± 56.1 W) and lower limbs (53.7 ± 3.7 cm versus 35.5 ± 8.2 cm; both P values = .001). In addition, we observed less perceived muscle soreness (1.5 ± 1.1 arbitrary units [au] versus 3.1 ± 1.0 au; P = .004) and higher perceived recovery (8.8 ± 1.9 au versus 6.9 ± 1.7 au; P = .005) in the CWI than in the control condition at 24 hours postrecovery. Conclusions: Use of CWI can be beneficial to jiu-jitsu athletes because it reduces circulating LDH levels, results in less perceived muscle soreness, and helps muscle power recovery at 24 hours postrecovery.
Journal Article
Reducing NF-κB Signaling Nutritionally is Associated with Expedited Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function After Damage
Abstract
Context
The early events regulating the remodeling program following skeletal muscle damage are poorly understood.
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the association between myofibrillar protein synthesis (myoPS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling by nutritionally accelerating the recovery of muscle function following damage.
Design, Setting, Participants, and Interventions
Healthy males and females consumed daily postexercise and prebed protein-polyphenol (PP; n = 9; 4 females) or isocaloric maltodextrin placebo (PLA; n = 9; 3 females) drinks (parallel design) 6 days before and 3 days after 300 unilateral eccentric contractions of the quadriceps during complete dietary control.
Main Outcome Measures
Muscle function was assessed daily, and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken after 24, 27, and 36 hours for measurements of myoPS rates using deuterated water, and gene ontology and NF-κB signaling analysis using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) gene array.
Results
Eccentric contractions impaired muscle function for 48 hours in PLA intervention, but just for 24 hours in PP intervention (P = 0.047). Eccentric quadricep contractions increased myoPS compared with the control leg during postexercise (24–27 hours; 0.14 ± 0.01 vs 0.11 ± 0.01%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.075) and overnight periods (27–36 hours; 0.10 ± 0.01 vs 0.07 ± 0.01%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.020), but was not further increased by PP drinks (P > 0.05). Protein-polyphenol drinks decreased postexercise and overnight muscle IL1R1 (PLA = 2.8 ± 0.4, PP = 1.1 ± 0.4 and PLA = 1.9 ± 0.4, PP = 0.3 ± 0.4 log2 fold-change, respectively) and IL1RL1 (PLA = 4.9 ± 0.7, PP = 1.6 ± 0.8 and PLA = 3.7 ± 0.6, PP = 0.7 ± 0.7 log2 fold-change, respectively) messenger RNA expression (P < 0.05) and downstream NF-κB signaling compared with PLA.
Conclusion
Protein-polyphenol drink ingestion likely accelerates recovery of muscle function by attenuating inflammatory NF-κB transcriptional signaling, possibly to reduce aberrant tissue degradation rather than increase myoPS rates.
Journal Article
Influence of combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation on the autonomous nerve system on delayed onset muscle soreness in young athletes: a randomized clinical trial
Background
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) represents a common challenge for athletes and has been a focal point of research in sports science. Eccentric exercise, known to induce DOMS, significantly impacts recovery and physiological processes. Electromagnetic stimulation, both transcranial and peripheral, has gained attention in sports medicine due to its demonstrated benefits in various conditions, offering potential as a recovery-enhancing tool for athletes.
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation on the autonomic nervous system response and recovery in young athletes experiencing DOMS.
Methods
A randomized, double-blind study was conducted with 48 young athletes divided into four groups: Control (n = 12), Peripheral Stimulation (n = 13), Transcranial Stimulation (n = 11), and Combined Stimulation (n = 12). Participants underwent an eccentric exercise session to induce DOMS, followed by their respective interventions: no stimulation for the Control group, 5 min of peripheral electromagnetic stimulation (LTP protocol) for the Peripheral group, 20 min of transcranial stimulation for the Transcranial group, and a combination of both (30 min total) for the Combined group. The autonomic nervous system was assessed through Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters measured before, immediately after, and at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-intervention.
Results
The Combined Stimulation group exhibited significant improvements in HRV parameters, including increased Low Frequency (LF, p < 0.001), High Frequency (HF, p < 0.001), and LF/HF power ratio (p < 0.001) at 72 h post-intervention compared to other groups. These findings suggest that paired-associative electromagnetic stimulation effectively enhances autonomic regulation and promotes recovery after eccentric exercise-induced DOMS.
Conclusions
Combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation positively influences autonomic nervous system responses, accelerating recovery in young athletes without disrupting natural physiological recovery mechanisms. This approach presents a promising recovery intervention for athletes experiencing DOMS.
Journal Article
Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited joint range of motion after eccentric contractions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial
Purpose
This study investigated the effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids-rich fish oil (EPA + DHA) supplementation on eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage.
Methods
Twenty-four healthy men were randomly assigned to consume the EPA + DHA supplement (EPA,
n
= 12) or placebo (PL,
n
= 12) by the double-blind method. Participants consumed EPA + DHA or placebo supplement for 8 weeks prior to exercise and continued it until 5 days after exercise. The EPA group consumed EPA + DHA-rich fish oil containing 600 mg EPA and 260 mg DHA per day. Subjects performed five sets of six maximal eccentric elbow flexion exercises. Changes in the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference, muscle soreness as well as serum creatine kinase, myoglobin, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in blood were assessed before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 3, and 5 days after exercise.
Results
MVC was significantly higher in the EPA group than in the PL group at 2–5 days after exercise (
p
< 0.05). ROM was also significantly greater in the EPA group than in the PL group at 1–5 days after exercise (
p
< 0.05). At only 3 days after exercise, muscle soreness of the brachialis was significantly greater in the PL group than in the EPA group (
p
< 0.05), with a concomitant increase in serum IL-6 levels in the PL group.
Conclusion
Eight-week EPA + DHA supplementation attenuates strength loss and limited ROM after exercise. The supplementation also attenuates muscle soreness and elevates cytokine level, but the effect is limited.
Journal Article
Eight Weeks of a High Dose of Curcumin Supplementation May Attenuate Performance Decrements Following Muscle-Damaging Exercise
Background: It is known that unaccustomed exercise—especially when it has an eccentric component—causes muscle damage and subsequent performance decrements. Attenuating muscle damage may improve performance and recovery, allowing for improved training quality and adaptations. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the effect of two doses of curcumin supplementation on performance decrements following downhill running. Methods: Sixty-three physically active men and women (21 ± 2 y; 70.0 ± 13.7 kg; 169.3 ± 15.2 cm; 25.6 ± 14.3 body mass index (BMI), 32 women, 31 men) were randomly assigned to ingest 250 mg of CurcuWIN® (50 mg of curcuminoids), 1000 mg of CurcuWIN® (200 mg of curcuminoids), or a corn starch placebo (PLA) for eight weeks in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel design. At the end of the supplementation period, subjects completed a downhill running protocol intended to induce muscle damage. Muscle function using isokinetic dynamometry and perceived soreness was assessed prior to and at 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-downhill run. Results: Isokinetic peak extension torque did not change in the 200-mg dose, while significant reductions occurred in the PLA and 50-mg groups through the first 24 h of recovery. Isokinetic peak flexion torque and power both decreased in the 50-mg group, while no change was observed in the PLA or 200-mg groups. All the groups experienced no changes in isokinetic extension power and isometric average peak torque. Soreness was significantly increased in all the groups compared to the baseline. Non-significant improvements in total soreness were observed for the 200-mg group, but these changes failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusion: When compared to changes observed against PLA, a 200-mg dose of curcumin attenuated reductions in some but not all observed changes in performance and soreness after completion of a downhill running bout. Additionally, a 50-mg dose appears to offer no advantage to changes observed in the PLA and 200-mg groups.
Journal Article