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Russian and Belarusian Disinformation Operations Targeting Poland and Selected Nato Member States
The subject of the article is the common experience of disinformation in Poland and selected NATO countries. Disinformation is defined in the context of state security and as a tool used by state agencies to achieve the goals set out by political authorities. The analysis included publicly available reports of the agencies responsible for state security, both Polish and those of other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The research question posed in the article is: are the same methods of disinformation used against Poland and other NATO member states and what issues do they concern? The article primarily uses the method of analysis and comparative analysis of the above-mentioned reports and information materials from security agencies, both intelligence and counterintelligence. The mechanisms of counteracting and combating disinformation are exposed and recommendations for combating disinformation are made.
Journal Article
Euromissiles
In Euromissile
s, Susan Colbourn tells the story of the height of nuclear
crisis and the remarkable waning of the fear that gripped the
globe. In the Cold War conflict that pitted nuclear
superpowers against one another, Europe was the principal
battleground. Washington and Moscow had troops on the ground and
missiles in the fields of their respective allies, the NATO nations
and the states of the Warsaw Pact. Euromissiles-intermediate-range
nuclear weapons to be used exclusively in the regional theater of
war-highlighted how the peoples of Europe were dangerously placed
between hammer and anvil. That made European leaders uncomfortable
and pushed fearful masses into the streets demanding peace in their
time. At the center of the story is NATO. Colbourn highlights the
weakness of the alliance seen by many as the most effective bulwark
against Soviet aggression. Divided among themselves and uncertain
about the depth of US support, the member states were riven by the
missile issue. This strategic crisis was, as much as any summit
meeting between US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet general
secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, the hinge on which the Cold War
turned. Euromissiles is a history of diplomacy and
alliances, social movements and strategy, nuclear weapons and
nagging fears, and politics. To tell that history, Colbourn takes a
long view of the strategic crisis-from the emerging dilemmas of
allied defense in the early 1950s through the aftermath of the INF
Treaty thirty-five years later. The result is a dramatic and
sweeping tale that changes the way we think about the Cold War and
its culmination.
eBook
Beyond NATO
In this new Brookings Marshall Paper, Michael O’Hanlon argues that now is the time for Western nations to negotiate a new security architecture for neutral countries in eastern Europe to stabilize the region and reduce the risks of war with Russia. He believes NATO expansion has gone far enough. The core concept of this new security architecture would be one of permanent neutrality. The countries in question collectively make a broken-up arc, from Europe’s far north to its south: Finland and Sweden; Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus; Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan; and finally Cyprus plus Serbia, as well as possibly several other Balkan states. Discussion on the new framework should begin within NATO, followed by deliberation with the neutral countries themselves, and then formal negotiations with Russia.
eBook
European NATO Fiscal Space before the Russo-Ukrainian war
The threat of war limits the fiscal space via direct fiscal items and indirect macroeconomic flows. The Russo-Ukrainian war has edged the fiscal challenge of the growing need for military spending in different regions of Eu-rope. This study examines the impact of war-related threats on the fiscal capacity of European NATO countries. The research employs cluster analysis to evaluate the preparedness of these countries to reallocate fiscal re-sources in response to these pressures. Furthermore, the paper utilizes a dynamic panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression model to assess the influence of fiscal space determinants and geopolitical risk factors on military expenditure. The cluster variables are: military expenditures per capita in USD, public finance risk expressed as the credit default swap (CDS) spread, gross public debt representing the original sin, tax wedge as a mitigating items of reallocation of expenditures, the Gini coefficient as the origin of social spending needs, and finally distance from Russia as the pressure of military threat on the public finances. The GMM regression is extended with geopolitical risk indicators, development indicator and economic growth. The findings suggest that while a country’s level of development is a primary determinant of its per capita military spending in USD, the fiscal space exerts a particular influence on these expenditures, too.
Journal Article
NATO and the collective securitisation of COVID-19
This article seeks to analyse NATO’s role as a security actor during the COVID-19 pandemic by studying how the organisation paved the securitising discourse constructing the COVID-19 pandemic as an existential threat between March and May 2020. We correspondingly apply collective securitisation theory in conjunction with discourse analysis of a selection of NATO statements. This enabled observations of an attempt to enlarge NATO’s role in the International System, comprising matters beyond high politics and culminating in actions including the coordination of rescue missions for civilians and the usage of scientific means to aid in responding to the pandemic.
O presente artigo procura analisar o papel da NATO como ator de segurança durante a pandemia de Covid-19, ao estudar a forma como a organização desenvolveu o seu discurso securitizador, construindo a pandemia como uma ameaça existencial entre os meses de março e maio de 2020. Por conseguinte, aplicámos a abordagem teórica da securitização coletiva, em conjunto com a análise do discurso, a uma seleção de declarações da NATO. Tal permitiu observar uma tentativa de alargamento do papel da organização no sistema internacional, abarcando temas que vão para além das high politics, culminando em ações como a coordenação de missões de resgate de civis e a utilização de meios científicos para auxiliar na resposta à pandemia.
Journal Article
Non-Traditional Security Threats and NATO’s Response in the Contemporary Security Environment
This research paper emphasizes the importance of NATO’s adaptation to non-traditional threats in maintaining stability and security in the changing security environment. It highlights the need for NATO allies to prioritize the development of strategies and action plans that address emerging issues such as new technologies, energy security, climate change, hybrid threats, and cyber threats.The paper suggests that in order to effectively counter these non-traditional threats, NATO must remain current with the latest technological advancements. As such, the paper recommends that NATO allies develop new strategies and action plans without delay to counter these threats and ensure security. The relevance of NATO can only be ensured through its transformation and adaptation, which in turn makes its existence self-justified.
Journal Article
West Star
SITE B is the anti-nuclear bunker now known as West Star, located in the municipality of Affi, in the province of Verona. Due to its size and state of preservation, it represents a historical and engineering heritage of extraordinary significance – not only for Italy, but for Europe as a whole. Excavated into Monte Moscal, which overlooks the town of Affi, the bunker extends over approximately 13,000 square meters and includes more than one hundred rooms within concrete-lined tunnels, more than 200 meters underground. Built between 1960 and 1966, it stands as a silent witness to its era and is one of the largest protected military-origin sites in Italy. The project for its conservation and enhancement stems from research conducted by the Department of Architecture of the University of Florence, funded by the Municipality of Affi. The multidisciplinary team worked with the aim of developing three main lines of action: recovering and reorganizing documentary materials, outlining an initial plan for conservative restoration, and proposing a musealization project.
Journal Article
(DIS)TRUSTING NATO? PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH IN ROMANIA AND TÜRKIYE AMID THE WAR IN UKRAINE
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has profoundly affected global security and international relations, particularly influencing perceptions of trust in institutions such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This study investigates the level of (dis)trust in NATO among citizens, especially youth, in Romania and Türkiye—two strategic NATO member states—within the context of the evolving geopolitical landscape. Romania, with its border shared with Ukraine, and Türkiye, with its historically complex relationship with the Alliance, provide unique case studies for understanding public sentiment towards NATO amidst Russia's aggression. The research methodology integrates a dual approach, thus the qualitative component will involve a theoretical framework and a comparative analysis, examining data from the Eurobarometer reports and other surveys to assess changes before and after the invasion of Ukraine, while the quantitative component consists of a questionnaire administered to students from Romania and Türkiye across various fields of study, including international relations, diplomacy, political science, history, economics, languages, and engineering. The findings highlight the intricate and multifaceted nature of trust in international organizations, particularly during times of conflict. They underscore how trust can be influenced by shifting geopolitical dynamics and varying national contexts.
Journal Article
‘A very different kind of challenge’? NATO’s prioritization of China in historical perspective
In 2019, China emerged prominently on NATO’s agenda, growing more prominent ever since. What accounts for this phenomenon? Is it best explained by Chinese behaviour, changing perceptions of its behaviour, or by an internal Alliance snowball effect resulting from the desire to appear dynamic and relevant, particularly following the Trump administration’s prioritization of China over Russia as the United States’ principal security challenge? To help answer this question, this article provides an historic overview of NATO’s policy approaches towards China. Contrary to the belief of many officials and commentators, China is not a new topic for the Alliance. In fact, China has regularly featured in NATO policies since the early Cold War, alternating between adversary to ally and back again. This article argues that despite recently prioritizing China in its discourse, the historical record provides ample reasons to cast doubt on any expectations this will lead to major substantive changes in NATO’s diplomacy or military posture.
Journal Article