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This paper proposes a growth model of heterogeneous households with economic structure, wealth accumulation, endogenous labour supply, and tax rates. The paper is focused on effects of redistribution policies on income and wealth distribution, economic structure and economic growth. The paper integrates the Walrasian general equilibrium theory and neoclassical economic growth within a comprehensive framework. We overcome the controversial features in the two traditional theories by applying an alternative approach to households. We build an analytical framework for a disaggregated and microfounded general theory of economic growth with endogenous wealth accumulation. We simulate the model to identify equilibrium, stability and to plot the motion of the dynamic system with three groups. We also carry out comparative dynamic analysis with regard to the lump tax, human capital and propensity to use leisure time.

Europe's growth will have to be golden in yet another sense. Economic prosperity has brought to Europeans the gift of longer lives, and the continent's population has aged a lot over the last five decades. Over the next five, it will age even more by 2060; almost a third of Europeans will be older than 65 years. Europe will have to rebuild its structures to make fuller use of the energies and experience of its more mature population's people in their golden years. These desires and developments already make the European growth model distinct. Keeping to the discipline of the golden rule would make it distinguished. This report shows how Europeans have organized the six principal economic activities trade, finance, enterprise, innovation, labor, and government in unique ways. But policies in parts of Europe do not recognize the imperatives of demographic maturity and clash with growth's golden rule. Conforming growth across the continent to Europe's ideals and the iron laws of economics will require difficult decisions. This report was written to inform them. Its findings the changes needed to make trade and finance will not be as hard as those to improve enterprise and innovation; these in turn are not as arduous and urgent as the changes needed to restructure labor and government. Its message the remedies are not out of reach for a part of the world that has proven itself both intrepid and inclusive.

This study deals with interactions between economic growth and structural change with banking. The study is influenced by the growth model of money and banking by Chang et al. (2007). It deviates from Chang et al.’ model with regard to the monetary authority behavior, economic structure, and modeling behavior of household. The model deals with dynamic interactions between money, banking, economic structural change and growth in a perfectly competitive economy. The economic system consists of one capital goods sector, one consumer goods sector, and one banking sector. The two goods sectors are based on the Solow-Uzawa growth model. The motion is described by a set of differential equations. For illustration, we simulate the motion of the economic system. We identify the existence of a stable equilibrium point. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis. The comparative analyses provide some insights into the complexity of economic growth with banking.

In the neoclassical growth theory, higher saving rate gives rise to higher output per capita. However, in the Keynesian model, higher saving rate causes lower consumption, which may lead to a recession. Students may ask, \"Should we save or should we consume?\" In most of the macroeconomics textbooks, economic growth and Keynesian economics are in separate, sometimes unsequential, chapters. The connection between the short run and the long run is not apparent. The author builds a bridge between the neoclassical growth theory and the Keynesian model. He links the Solow diagram and the IS-LM curves and depicts the short-run to long-run transition of the economy after changes in saving and other macroeconomic policies.

In mainstream theory, growth is explained fully by elements of the supply side. In this article, we depart from neoclassical mechanisms and suggest a hybrid approach that allows for growth restrictions induced by demand-side elements. We obtain such demand-restricted growth by suggesting an unconventional equilibrium concept in a stochastic environment. We define macroeconomic equilibrium as stationary no-expectation-error equilibrium. This equilibrium concept relates to the Nash idea of individual stationary behavior as long as expectations prove to be realized. No rigidities are introduced. Even if potential growth is generated by technical change and capital accumulation, the growth path is restricted by effective earnings and can be stable below the neoclassical path of potential growth. However, the growth process mutates to the neoclassical process if effective earnings and potential earnings equalize. Therefore, our hybrid model could help to bridge a gap between Keynesian and neoclassical ideas of economic growth.

An alternative course to Brexit for the UK is evaluated. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the UK would have been better off had, instead of Brexit, remained in the EU and joined the Eurozone. The model specification is based on the neoclassical theory of growth extended to include human capital accumulation. Counterfactual analysis in terms of the difference-in-differences methodology is applied to evaluate the effect in UK’s per capita income if the UK had joined the Eurozone when the Eurozone was formed. The dataset is a balanced panel of annual observations for fifteen countries and covers the period from 1980 to 2017. The analysis reveals that had the UK joined the Eurozone, UK’s per capita income would have been 15.48% higher on the average for the period after the formation of the Eurozone. This effect increases to 24.98% if Eurozone’s less performing economies of the southern periphery are excluded from the analysis. The study shows that Brexit is a move toward the wrong direction. The UK should have sought further integration with the EU in terms of presence in the Eurozone than pursue Brexit and leave the EU.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the role of preferences and technological differences between countries in determining dynamics of capital accumulation, wealth and income distribution within countries and between countries, and patterns of trade in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. The model is built by integrating Walrasian general equilibrium, neoclassical growth, and H O international trade theories. The model is built for any number of countries and each country is composed of three production sectors and heterogeneous households. The national growth mechanism is the same as that in neoclassical growth theory. Labour and capital distributions among sectors and among countries are determined under perfect competition and free trade. The model synthesizes the well-known H-O and the Oniki-Uzawa trade models, Solow-Uzawa neoclassical growth theory, and Walrasian general equilibrium theory with Zhang's utility function. We simulated the model with three national economies and with two groups of households for each country. We identified the existence of equilibrium points and plot motion of the dynamic system. We also conducted a comparative dynamic analysis.

This article explores the possibilities for greater engagement between neoclassical and heterodox growth theorists. Simple structural models are used to identify the essential \"mechanics\" of the growth process in both the neoclassical and heterodox traditions, and these are shown to point to important areas of theoretical overlap and even observational equivalence. In particular, the interaction of trend and cycle — and more specifically, the influence of demand on long-run growth — is identified as an emerging \"common front\" in growth theory. Rhetorical and sociological obstacles to greater engagement are identified, but it is argued that these should not be allowed to thwart profitable interactions among researchers from different traditions.

This paper studies dynamic interdependence between economic growth, tourism, and inequalities in income and wealth in a small open economy. We build the dynamic model in an integrated Walrasian-general equilibrium and neoclassical-growth theory for a small open economy with multiple sectors and heterogeneous households in a perfectly competitive economy. The economy consists of one service sector which supplies non-traded services and one industrial sector which produces traded goods. We treat wealth accumulation and land distribution between housing and supply of services as endogenous variables. We show that the motion of the economy with J types of households is given by J nonlinear differential equations. We simulate the motion of the system with three groups of households. We also conduct comparative dynamic analysis with regards to the rate of interest, the price elasticity of tourism, the global economic condition, and the rich class’ human capital, and the rich class’ propensity to consume housing.