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Open systems strategy enables a sponsor to diffuse its technology and promotes standardization in an industry. However, this strategy has been studied in high-tech settings. We hypothesize that, in a non-high-tech industry, a sponsor giving access to its technical knowledge may impact industry structure. Based on a survey of the U.S. tabletop role-playing game (RPG) industry, our results highlight that the introduction of an open system in a sector creates an entry induction phenomenon and that these new entrants adopt more readily the open system than incumbents. Moreover, the average size of the firms in the industry decreases due to vertical specialization.

This study demonstrates that new entrants exhibit higher productivity but also higher exit hazard than incumbents in post-liberalization China. We argue this seemingly paradoxical relationship is attributable to institutional barriers, defined as the hindrance in the institutional environment that prevents market selection forces to function. New entrants require higher productivity to compensate for those institutional barriers, which in turn implies a higher exit hazard after controlling for productivity. Our empirical findings support this argument and further show that the differences in productivity and exit hazard between new entrants and incumbents become smaller where and when institutional barriers recede. By integrating economic and institutional perspectives, we highlight the importance of institutional factors in shaping industry evolution.

The automotive industry serves as a crucial support system for the economies of industrialized nations in their pursuit of international market competitiveness. Despite this industry's importance, most developing countries face the challenge of acquiring a reasonable economic position at the global level in the automotive sector for various reasons. The most salient reasons include inconsistent government policies, multiple taxes, investor insecurity, political instability, and currency devaluation. Identifying risks is crucial for a new entrant in the already-established automotive industry. The researchers have used multiple (qualitative and quantitative) techniques to identify and prioritize risks in setting up manufacturing plants. The efforts to tackle these identified risks are undertaken at the domestic and government levels to smoothen the establishment of industry. The risks are first identified, in the current study, by reviewing the previous literature and conducting interviews of the various stakeholders (automotive dealers, managers, and customers). Then this study uses Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach and develops a risk exposure (high, medium, or low) matrix for the automotive industry of Pakistan. The findings reveal that the depreciation of local currency against the foreign exchange, oligopoly nature of competition, and low market acceptability of new entrants due to their products' image are the most critical risks the automobile industry faces. These findings will help automotive research institutes in developing national policies that specifically aim to support new players in the automotive industry, particularly in addressing high-priority hazards. The results may also provide valuable insights for new participants seeking to identify and address the key challenges in the Pakistani automotive industry before entering it.

The issue of agricultural turnover is high on the policy agenda of the European Community and political and social scientists. A structural feature of the European agricultural system, for which no solution has yet been found, is the difficult access of persons under 40 to positions of ownership and control of agricultural holdings. Although methodological simplifications tend to underestimate the real generational change in farming, the problem remains unresolved and requires appropriate responses that will encourage the fight against aging of agricultural sector. An attempt has been made to move in this direction with the CAP measure SRG004, entitled “Cooperation for generational renewal”. It provides a mechanism for the possibility of establishing cooperation between a farmer over 65 and a newcomer. A check on the implementation of SRG004 in Italy revealed: None of the Italian regions had adopted the measure. Based on this information, qualitative research was organized. The aim was to find out the reasons for this generalization. The research highlighted some of the mechanisms of implementation of multi-level agricultural policies in Europe, in addition to trying to answer the initial question.

Insurtech is closely associated with digital transformation by new entrants that seek to disrupt insurance markets. However, the insurtech concept also includes its use by incumbent insurance companies, which are actively deploying a wide variety of insurtech applications to protect their market positions through innovation of their existing business models, e.g. through improved business processes or new insurance services. A theoretical insurtech business innovation model is developed that captures the effects of digital technology in insurance markets by considering innovation as a multi-dimensional concept that encompasses business processes, novel insurance products and changes to the insurance value chain. This framework is applied to an empirical sample of digital leaders: three incumbents and four new entrants. The results illustrate a variety of insurtech applications that include the transformation of business processes, products and new types of value chain configuration, as well as relatively minor enhancements to existing systems and business practices. It is shown that all the new entrants exploit artificial intelligence, big data and digital technology to build brand-new insurance services that emphasise innovative product features, high customer value and a delightful customer experience. In contrast, the legacy insurance firms tend to use digital technology in a defensive manner, e.g. the enhancement of existing insurance services, distribution channels and market positions. The exception is the launch of a telematics insurance service by an incumbent firm, where the telematics insurance effectively operates as a standalone business within a legacy insurance firm. The theory model is effective at analysing and evaluating both the type and magnitude of innovation. The case studies make an empirical contribution by illustrating state-of-the-art innovation by insurance disruptors and contrasts this with the defensive and sometimes novel digital strategies of incumbent firms. Future trends and research opportunities are outlined.

The pivotal aim of this research is to identify new entrants to mountain farming, their routes into practicing and resulting environmental impacts. Following an actor-network approach, this multi-regional case study was conducted in two remote regions of the Western Austrian Alps and in a bordering Alpine region in South Tyrol (Italy). All data was generated using semi-structured interviews on site and official agricultural statistics. Both autochthons and foreign newcomers to mountain farming display a great deal of idealism to fulfil their agricultural dreams. Their self-determination and bid for independence from the agricultural industry affects their thinking and decisions on housing, farming and collaborations, resulting in far-reaching social and spatial impacts on the sociocultural landscape. In implementing sustainable and extensive farming practices, new entrants act as role models and thus highlight alternatives beyond the prevailing mountain agricultural regime.

Amidst the scenario of a general fall in agricultural employment vis-à-vis the increase in non-agricultural employment as a part of the economic development process, a new trend is seen wherein the farm sector is receiving new-entrants- relatively younger population who are taking up farming after leaving non-primary sector jobs. India has been especially emphasized to tap the potential of its vast pool of human resource for agricultural growth. Agriculture employs the largest share of the country’s labourforce. However, the productivity of the sector is rapidly decreasing as compared to other sectors of the economy. Besides, there are growing concerns regarding the future approaches to agricultural development and more emphasis is being laid on the agroecological approach for revitalizing the farming scenario. Hence, a need is felt to understand the motivations and activities of new-entrant farmers as they shall guide the course of farming in the coming time. This study aims to understand the driving factors which cause the occupational transition among new-entrants with particular emphasis on adoption of organic farming. The data was collected from fifteen farmers who shared their stories via online conferences organized by an organic farming training center in north-Central India. Thematic analysis technique was used to process the data. The findings reveal that the switch to agriculture occurs due to dissatisfaction with earlier job, which is found less meaningful than farming; environmental consciousness and health concerns related to conventional agriculture; and the desire to fulfil social responsibilities by doing something ‘new’. The entry of young non-agriculturists in agriculture is a rewarding incidence if their practices are rooted in agroecological principles. This is because various dimensions of sustainability can be ensured by a combination of- farm entrepreneurship (addressing economics), organic farm practices (addressing farm-ecology) and, enhancement of social bonding within and outside the farm-family (addressing social capital), as is evidenced by the activities of the studied neo-farmers.

The growing concern for sustainability in agri-food systems and the parallel decrease in the number of people engaged in agriculture, especially in the Global North, is starting to draw attention to new entrant farmers from non-farming backgrounds (“newcomer” farmers). Newcomers, however, especially if interested in sustainable agriculture, face considerable barriers to entry, and their support needs are often not adequately met by conventional agricultural institutions and support structures. Several studies have highlighted the importance of formal and informal farmer-to-farmer networks and communities of practice for newcomers to receive support, but such networks are usually geographically dispersed. Dynamics of spatial clustering of sustainable farmers, on the other hand, have so far received less attention, particularly in relation to their role in supporting the establishment of newcomers. This study examines the barriers to entry faced by newcomer organic farmers in Japan and the relevance of geographically proximate “clusters” of organic farmers to address such barriers. The results highlight the environmental and social factors that can facilitate the formation of organic clusters in the first place, and how spatial proximity facilitates different forms of cooperation among newcomers. The paper concludes by discussing the potential role of clusters in scaling sustainable agri-food practices.

The transformative influence of new entrants on industries and heightened competition underscores their significance. Mature companies, threatened by their entry, deploy multiple incentives to forestall market penetration. Conversely, consumers embrace fresh participants, creating a dichotomy in reactions. This has spawned escalated conflicts between mature firms and newcomers, rooted in the latter's market entry. This study navigates this landscape by delving into the strategies, preferences, and priorities of these actors, seeking stable equilibrium and reconciliation points for these conflicts. Employing thematic analysis, it distills options, feasible scenarios, and relative preferences of each stakeholder. These insights undergo scrutiny via the GMCR + decision support model. Among 21 conceivable scenarios, the study unveils three equilibria and a semi-stable state, suggesting mature companies recalibrate their stance to explore synergies with new entrants. This research offers a panoramic perspective on the intricate interactions between mature companies and new entrants, transcending the narrow confines of entry barriers.

This paper presents a stochastic Markov chain model for estimating new entrants into professional orders and their related pension funds. The model considers the interactions between demographic, socio-economic and regulatory variables. The intuition behind it is that, in the medium term, trends in academic education can anticipate changes in the job market and preferences for highly skilled professions. Similarly, in the long term, fertility trends can anticipate the number of future young adults, thus influencing the overall occupational structure of employment. The model has been formalized mathematically and successfully validated by backtesting over historical data. The model’s predictions have been compared with the observed data of new entrants into the Italian order of chartered accountants (CNDCEC) between 2012 and 2021. The related professional pension fund (CNPADC) has also been analyzed under the additional assumption of stochastic returns with an evaluation of the impact of future new chartered accountants on its demographic and financial evolution between 2020 and 2070.