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Fake news nation : the long history of lies and misinterpretations in America
After the election of Donald Trump as president, people in the United States and across large swaths of Europe, Latin America, and Asia engaged in the most intensive discussion in modern times about falsehoods pronounced by public officials. Fake facts in their various forms have long been present in American life, particularly in its politics, public discourse, and business activities - going back to the time when the country was formed. This book explores the long tradition of fake facts, in their various guises, in American history. It is one of the first historical studies to place the long history of lies and misrepresentation squarely in the middle of American political, business, and science policy rhetoric. In Fake News Nation, James Cortada and William Aspray present a series of case studies that describe how lies and fake facts were used over the past two centuries in important instances in American history. Cortada and Aspray give readers a perspective on fake facts as they appear today and as they are likely to appear in the future. -- Publisher's website.
Book
Indicadores de evaluación de los servicios informativos de la radiotelevisión pública
La reputación, la credibilidad y la rendición de cuentas son el vértice de la gobernanza de la prestación del servicio audiovisual público para sostener e incrementar su legitimidad en la sociedad actual. Para lograr este objetivo es necesario mantener y mejorar las políticas de gestión que fundamentan la misión de la radiotelevisión pública, y también desarrollar estrategias para comunicar mejor el valor social de este servicio en el contexto de la nueva ecología de medios de comunicación. Partiendo de esas premisas, este artículo aborda la necesidad y las dificultades de establecer indicadores sintéticos de evaluación de los servicios informativos como principal bloque de contenidos de la radiotelevisión pública.
Journal Article
The Landscape of Political Bias in Polish Radio and Television During the Parliamentary Election Campaign in 2023
This article evaluates the extent of bias in selected Polish media outlets. It presents the findings of research conducted on political bias within Polish television and radio stations during the period leading up to the 2023 parliamentary elections. The study includes a content analysis of the three most popular Polish television news programs—TVP’s
, Polsat’s
and TVN’s
—and the news services of four radio stations—RMF FM, Radio Zet, Polish Radio (1st Program) and Radio TOK FM. All broadcasts were analysed in the month preceding election day (15 October 2023). The collected data were used to calculate visibility, exposure and overtone indicators for each participating electoral committee. These indicators were then utilised to compute the Media Political Bias Index, which enables the comparison of bias levels across different media outlets and within the same outlet at different times. The results of this index enable the identification of which news programs were the most and the least biased. The findings provide insights into the political bias landscape of television and radio stations in Poland during the specified electoral period, positioning each media outlet on a scale of political bias. The study confirms the research hypotheses, demonstrating that public media exhibited higher levels of bias compared to commercial media, both in television and radio formats. Additionally, among commercial media, those that extensively covered the election campaign showed greater bias, while those that addressed campaign topics less frequently displayed lower levels of bias.
Journal Article
Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the perception of experts, journalists and academics
Over the last decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become gradually more prevalent in mass media and news agency newsrooms. This growing tendency has prompted intense debate about the negative impact on journalism, particularly on quality standards and ethical principles. Taking an explorative approach, this study aims to analyse the application of AI in newsrooms, focusing on the impact on news-making processes, media routines and profiles, highlighting the benefits and shortcomings, and finally, analysing the rise of ethical dilemmas. For this purpose, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted in two rounds, in 2019 and 2021, with a sample of journalists and other media professionals, academics, experts on the media industry, and providers of technology leading the work on AI. The international sample includes interviewees from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Spain. The interviewees agree that AI will enhance journalists’ capabilities by saving time, augmenting the efficiency of the news-making processes and, therefore, increasing mass media industry productivity. However, a change of mind-set in the media environment is needed, and training on the use of these tools must be a priority given the lack of knowledge observed. Finally, the emergence of ethical issues underlines the need for continuous control and supervision of the processes undertaken by AI.
Journal Article
Quality of information in gestational diabetes mellitus videos on TikTok: Cross-sectional study
TikTok is an important channel for consumers to obtain and adopt health information. However, misinformation on TikTok could potentially impact public health. Currently, the quality of content related to GDM on TikTok has not been thoroughly reviewed.
This study aims to explore the information quality of GDM videos on TikTok.
A comprehensive cross-sectional study was conducted on TikTok videos related to GDM. The quality of the videos was assessed using three standardized evaluation tools: DISCERN, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). The comprehensiveness of the content was evaluated through six questions covering definitions, signs/symptoms, risk factors, evaluation, management, and outcomes. Additionally, a correlational analysis was conducted between video quality and the characteristics of the uploaders and the videos themselves.
A total of 216 videos were included in the final analysis, with 162 uploaded by health professionals, 40 by general users, and the remaining videos contributed by individual science communicators, for-profit organizations, and news agencies. The average DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores for all videos were 48.87, 1.86, and 2.06, respectively. The videos uploaded by health professionals scored the highest in DISCERN, while the videos uploaded by individual science communicators scored significantly higher in JAMA and GQS than those from other sources. Correlation analysis between video quality and video features showed DISCERN scores, JAMA scores and GQS scores were positively correlated with video duration (P<0.001). Content scores were positively correlated with the number of comments (P<0.05), the number of shares (P<0.001), and video duration (P<0.001).
We found that the quality of GDM video on TikTok is poor and lack of relevant information, highlighting the potential risks of using TikTok as a source of health information. Patients should pay attention to identifying health-related information on TikTok.
Journal Article
YouTube as source of information on 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak: a cross sectional study of English and Mandarin content
The current 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is rapidly evolving. YouTube has been recognized as a popular source of information in previous disease outbreaks. We analyzed the content on YouTube about n-CoV in English and Mandarin languages.
YouTube was searched using the terms ‘2019 novel coronavirus’, ‘Wuhan virus’ and ‘武汉病毒’ (Mandarin for Wuhan virus) on 1st and 2nd February 2020. First 50 videos in each group were analyzed. Videos in other languages, duplicate videos, those without an audio and duration >15 min were excluded .72 videos in English and 42 in Mandarin were reviewed. 2 reviewers classified the videos as useful, misleading or news based on pre specified criterion. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated with kappa coefficient. Modified DISCERN index for reliability and medical information and content index (MICI) score were used for content analysis.
These videos attracted cumulative 21,288,856 views. 67% of English and 50% Mandarin videos had useful information. The viewership of misleading Mandarin videos was higher than the useful ones. WHO accounted for only 4% of useful videos. Mean DISCERN score for reliability was 3.12/5 and 3.25/5 for English and Mandarin videos respectively. Mean cumulative MICI score of useful videos was low (6.71/25 for English and 6.28/25 for Mandarin).
YouTube viewership during 2019 n-CoV outbreak is higher than previous outbreaks. The medical content of videos is suboptimal International health agencies are underrepresented. Given its popularity, YouTube should be considered as important platform for information dissemination.
•In the current n-CoV outbreak YouTube viewership remains high for both English and Mandarin content.•The medical content of these videos is suboptimal and needs to be improved.•Misleading videos in Mandarin were more popular and had higher viewership than useful videos.•Government agencies and international health agencies should consider increasing their online presence on YouTube .
Journal Article