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A PDF version of this book is available for free in open access via www.tandfebooks.com as well as the OAPEN Library platform, www.oapen.org. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license and is part of the OAPEN-UK research project. By examining how NGOs operate in Southern India in the early 2000’s, this book discusses the challenges faced by small, local NGOs in the uncertain times of changing aid dynamics. The key findings focus on what empowerment means for Indian women, and how NGO accountability to these groups is an important part of the empowerment being realised. The notion of community empowerment, in which the ‘solidarity’ of a group can be a path to individual empowerment, is discussed, as well as analysing how empowerment can be a useful concept in development. Based on case studies of 15 NGOs as well as in-depth interviews with 80 women’s self-help groups, the book highlights the key features of effective empowerment programs. The author uses innovative statistical analysis tools to show how a key factor in empowerment of marginalised women is the accountability relationship between themselves and the supporting NGO. The book goes on to discuss the ways that NGOs can work with communities in the future, and recognises the limitations of a donor-centric accountability framework. It provides a useful contribution to studies on South Asia as well as Gender and Development Studies.

This paper presents new theory and evidence on how cross-border, cross-sector collaborations affect the global diffusion of sustainable practices. By highlighting the structural characteristics of global supply chains, we study how non-governmental organizations (NGOs) constrained by autocratic political regimes exploit the collaborative opportunities presented by foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) to enhance local firms’ sustainability performance. Drawing on social movement and resource dependence theories, we propose that global supply chains that tie MNEs to their local partners offer these NGOs a favorable opportunity structure to gain leverage over local firms by establishing MNE–NGO collaborations. This two-step form of leverage helps NGOs increase their influence and legitimacy to facilitate the adoption of sustainable practices by local firms within the MNEs’ global supply-chain networks. Yet, this mediated stakeholder effect decreases when governmentally produced structural conditions reduce the synergistic potential of this opportunity structure: greater priority given to environmental protection by governments substitutes for MNE–NGO collaborations. To test our theory, we examine the relationship between Chinese NGOs’ collaborations with 167 MNEs across 24 countries and these MNEs’ local green supply-chain ratings in the period 2014–2020. This study contributes to the literature on social movements, MNE–NGO collaborations, and sustainability in global supply chains.

This article uses an institutional approach to examine Chinese NGOs as an emerging organizational field. In mature organizational fields, the organizations are powerfully constrained to follow the institutional practices of that field. However, in an emerging organizational field, the institutionalized constraints are not yet established, so actors can try out a wide range of practices. Some of these practices will become the new “rules of the game” of the organizational field when it is established. The content of these rules will shape the relationship between NGOs and the Chinese party-state for future generations. We find that a Chinese NGO's resource strategy is shaped by two interacting factors. First, NGOs operate in an evolving ecology of opportunity. Second, the social entrepreneurs who lead Chinese NGOs perceive that ecology of opportunity through the lens of their personal experiences, beliefs and expertise. As a result, the initial strategies of the organizations in our sample were strongly influenced by the institutional experience of their founders. Former state bureaucrats built NGOs around alliances with party-state agencies. In contrast, NGO founders that had no party-state experience usually avoided the state and sought areas away from government control/attention, such as the internet or private business. 这篇论文为研究中国的非政府组织 (NGO) 提供了一个组织性的研究方法。组织上的需求促动 NGO 的策略与行为。随着一些 NGO 成功与失败, 某些策略会变得更受欢迎并被社会期待。这些做法会被制度化成为这个新组织领域的游戏规则。这些做法的内容会决定中国 NGO 与政府的关系。 本文通过探究资源策略提供了一例组织性的研究方法。作为组织, NGO为了生存必须保证拥有足够的资源流动。我们发现当制度模板缺失时, 一个 NGO 的资源策略常常取决于其创始人与领导者的机构经历。由前政府官员创立的 NGO 依靠与党政机关的合作伙伴关系。而没有公务工作经验的 NGO 创始人则强调了与政府的独立并寻求不受国家控制的渠道, 例如网络。

Background The third sector is becoming a growing provider of public, social, and health services. However, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of third sector organisations (TSOs), and their capacity to implement evidence-based interventions (EBIs). Understanding implementation aspects of service delivery remains an important issue in clinical practice, but is poorly understood in the context of TSOs. This is problematic, since implementation issues are known to be critical for effective intervention outcomes. Objectives To identify and synthesise existing research on what barriers and facilitators influence the implementation process of TSOs delivering EBIs. Methods This review is reported according to PRISMA guidelines and was pre-registered in PROSPERO. Key databases were searched using relevant terms, experts in the field were contacted, and websites were reviewed. All identified studies were double-screened, and data were extracted independently by two authors. Included studies were synthesised using thematic analysis and were quality appraised. Results Thirty-one studies were included, most of which were conducted in North America. The thematic synthesis identified resource limitations , in particular staff and finance, to be the most reported barrier to TSOs implementing EBIs. Organisational culture , including factors such as alignment between the mission of the TSO and EBI, and support/prioritisation of the implementation process were the most reported facilitators. These findings generalise across the included studies and are robust to study quality assessment. Conclusions While it is often assumed that good outcomes follow when implementing interventions that have been developed and tested according to best practice, little attention has been paid to how EBIs are best transported, contextualised, and implemented by third sector providers. This systematic review found that TSOs faced considerable challenges in implementing EBIs, which were primarily a lack of support and expertise, and unclear/insufficient guidelines on how to adapt EBIs to different populations. To address these challenges, it is important to engage with central stakeholders, such as funders, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, to discuss how these needs can be met. Trial registration PROSPERO: CRD42017073090 .

This article employs ethnographic fieldwork and interviews to examine two distinct processes of depoliticization by non-governmental organizations advocating rights for sex workers in China. Drawing upon Bourdieu and institutional theory, we argue that the consolidation of state repression of civil society under the Xi regime created an institutional field of power to which two NGOs responded differently. While one of them relied on government procurement as its major funding source, thus diluting the original mission, the other internalized state rhetoric as it sought political legitimacy through state certification, thus sanitizing its political mission. These distinct responses were then institutionalized into organizational practices, norms and culture. Rather than portraying NGOs in China as either capable political actors or pawns of an authoritarian state, this article illustrates how NGOs are subtly depoliticized by being inculcated in a state-produced, hierarchical social order in which compliance with state norms becomes synonymous with organizational competence.

In 2018, the Dutch Government proposed to establish an independent international ombudsman, known as the International Ombuds for Humanitarian and Development Aid (IOHDA), to hold non-governmental organizations (NGOs) accountable for their safeguarding and accountability failures, notably the Oxfam GB sexual abuse scandal in Haiti (March 2018) and in the Democratic Republic of Congo (April 2021). While establishing an international ombudsman would fill a regulatory and accountability gap in global governance, there are many legal and logistic challenges, some of which have been identified by the IOHDA proposal itself, that undermine the creation of this brand new body. Besides the legal and logistic challenges outlined in the proposal, this article argues that the IOHDA is unlikely to succeed because of three additional challenges. First, the IOHDA’s scope is too broad and misinterprets the ombudsman’s jurisdiction and traditional role. Second, the IOHDA neglects that existing ombudsman schemes present limitations in enacting accountability and does not learn any lessons from them. Third, the IOHDA lacks support from NGOs, a driving force, and the principal standard-setters for an international accountability mechanism, like the proposed ombudsman. This article provides a series of recommendations to mitigate these three challenges whilst identifying alternative routes to enact NGO accountability.

The glyphosate controversy before the renewal of the authorization of glyphosate in the European Union (EU) once again turned the spotlight on pesticide regulation in the EU. In the EU, pesticides are attracting more public attention than in other parts of the world, and many nongovernmental organizations specifically target pesticide regulation, trying to influence politicians and other decision makers. Following an overview of the EU pesticide legislation and the impact hitherto on EU agriculture, this paper outlines the glyphosate controversy and presents the outcome of desk studies conducted in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden on the potential effects of a glyphosate ban on agricultural productivity and farm income. All studies concluded that the loss of income depends very much on farm type and cropping practice, but they all reached the conclusion that particularly no-tillage farming/conservation agriculture will be facing severe problems without glyphosate to control weeds and terminate cover crops. No-tillage/conservation agriculture is viewed as an effective strategy to prevent soil erosion and loss of nutrients, which could become larger problems without glyphosate. Other issues highlighted in the studies were the impact on resistance management, as glyphosate is largely seen as a “herbicide-resistance breaker.” Without glyphosate, fundamental changes in farming practices in the EU are required, and it is hard to imagine that they will come without a cost, at least in the short term.

Findings from a large and growing body of entrepreneurship research offer insights for public policy and public officials and managers. Entrepreneurship policy is defined as measures undertaken to stimulate entrepreneurship in a region or country. The authors discuss generalizations from empirical research on three types of entrepreneurship activity that are vital for inclusive, sustainable economic growth: high-growth (stressing economic impact), female (inclusive impact), and social (sustainable impact) entrepreneurship. High-growth firms make up a small share of all entrepreneurial activity but create the majority of economic growth. Compared to their male counterparts, female entrepreneurs are fewer in number (one-third of all entrepreneurs) and tend to start ventures with lower financial capital and growth expectations. Social entrepreneurs generally have high levels of education and pursue social objectives, often remedying market failures with innovative solutions. For each entrepreneurship type, the authors provide a definition, empirical generalizations, and implications for public policy.

This study investigates the challenges and opportunities in addressing public health issues in the context of stunting in the Baduy community. Baduy is a remote indigenous group in Indonesia. The Indonesian government and NGOs such as SRI and Dompet Dhuafa have attempted to abolish stunting. However, factors such as cultural aspects, communication gaps, and logistic problems prevent the optimization of health interventions. Midwives and other health workers have yet to win the community’s trust and provide quality services, but the lack of sustainable solutions further worsens their problem. This studyhighlights the urgency of culturally appropriate, long-term strategies that stay within the unique Baduy lifestyle and belief system, including integrating the tribal leaders into health campaigns. This study also seeks to explain the role of modern healthcare in the Baduy community, particularly the functional acceptance of modern medicine due to its effectiveness in treating severe health problems. However, controversies regarding access to healthcare for Indigenous peoples, especially regarding government resources for care in urban centers, reveal broader issues of healthcare equity in Indonesia. The study finds the need to advocate improved and culturally sensitive interventions, particularly in health communication and government support, to ensure sustainable improvements in public health for Indigenous peoples such as the Baduy.