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A different kind of order : the ICP Triennial
The 2013 Triennial, A Different Kind of Order, focuses on artworks created in our current moment of widespread economic, social, and political instability. The exhibition will include 28 international artists who employ photography, film, video, and interactive media. Many of their works reflect the growing importance of new paradigms associated with digital image making and network culture. A Different Kind of Order is organized by Kristen Lubben, Christopher Phillips, Carol Squiers, and Joanna Lehan.
Book
Anti‐Quenching NIR‐II Excitation Phenylboronic Acid Modified Conjugated Polyelectrolyte for Intracellular Peroxynitrite‐Enhanced Chemo–Photothermal Therapy
Multidrug resistance to clinical chemotherapeutic drugs severely limits antitumor efficacy and patient survival. The integration of chemotherapy with photothermal therapy (PTT) and reactive nitrogen species has become a major strategy to enhance cancer treatment efficacy. Herein, a multifunctional peroxynitrite (ONOO−) nanogenerator (PBT/NO/Pt) for NIR‐II fluorescence (NIR‐II FL)/NIR‐II photoacoustic (NIR‐II PA) imaging‐guided chemo/NIR‐II PTT/ONOO− combination therapy is reported. The multifunction nanogenerator is developed by co‐loading a pH‐sensitive nitric oxide donor (DETA NONOate) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases trigger superoxide (O2•−) generator chemotherapy drug (CDDP) to an NIR‐II excitation‐conjugated polyelectrolyte (PNC11BA). PNC11BA has non‐conjugated alkyl chain segments in the polymer backbone and abundant positively charged phenylboronic acid in its side chains, which support the anti‐quenching of NIR‐II FL and the integration of DETA NONOate and CDDP into PBT/NO/Pt. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, the coordination bonds between CDDP and PNC11BA are cleaved, releasing CDDP for chemotherapeutic activity. The simultaneous release of nitric oxide (NO) and O2•− rapidly leads to the in situ generation of the more cytotoxic reactive physiological nitrogen species ONOO−. In vitro and in vivo results prove that PBT/NO/Pt exhibited a markedly ONOO− enhanced chemo–photothermal synergistic therapy for SKOV3/DDP tumor by downregulating the intracellular glutathione and increasing CDDP–DNA adducts. An NIR‐II (1000–1700 nm) excitation multifunctional ONOO2212 nanogenerator (PBT/NO/Pt) is developed by integrating non‐conjugated segments doping conjugated polyelectrolyte, cisplatin (CDDP), and NO donor (DETA NONOate) into an anti‐quenching NIR‐II excitation phenylboronic acid modified conjugated polyelectrolyte for NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and NIR‐II photoacoustic imaging guided synergistic NIR‐II photothermal, chemotherapy, and peroxynitrite therapy.
Journal Article
Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Using Near-Infrared Technology—A Review
The past few decades have seen ongoing development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems that are noninvasive and accurately measure blood glucose levels. The conventional finger-prick method, though accurate, is not feasible for use multiple times a day, as it is painful and test strips are expensive. Although minimally invasive and noninvasive CGM systems have been introduced into the market, they are expensive and require finger-prick calibrations. As the diabetes trend is high in low- and middle-income countries, a cost-effective and easy-to-use noninvasive glucose monitoring device is the need of the hour. This review paper briefly discusses the noninvasive glucose measuring technologies and their related research work. The technologies discussed are optical, transdermal, and enzymatic. The paper focuses on Near Infrared (NIR) technology and NIR Photoplethysmography (PPG) for blood glucose prediction. Feature extraction from PPG signals and glucose prediction with machine learning methods are discussed. The review concludes with key points and insights for future development of PPG NIR-based blood glucose monitoring systems.
Journal Article
Performance Comparison of Tungsten-Halogen Light and Phosphor-Converted NIR LED in Soluble Solid Content Estimation of Apple
A Tungsten-Halogen (TH) lamp is the most popular light source in NIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging, which requires a warm-up to reach very high temperatures of up to 250 °C and take a long time for radiation stabilization. Consequently, it has a large enough volume to enable heat dissipation to prevent the thermal runaway of the electric circuit and turn out its power efficiency very low. These are major barriers for miniaturizing spectral systems and hyperspectral imaging devices. However, TH lamps can be replaced by pc-NIR LEDs in order to avoid high temperature and large volume. We compared the spectral emission of the available commercial pc-NIR LEDs under the same condition. As a replacement for the TH lamp, the VIS + NIR LED module was developed to combine a warm-white LED and pc-NIR LEDs. In order to feature out the availability of the VIS + NIR LED module against the TH lamp, they were used as the light source for evaluating the Soluble Solid Content (SSC) of an apple through VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The results show a remarkable feasibility in the performance of the partial least square (PLS) model using the VIS + NIR LED module; during PLS calibration, the correlation coefficient (R) values are 0.664 and 0.701, and the Mean Square Error (MSE) values are 0.681 and 0.602 for the TH lamp and VIS + NIR LED module, respectively. In VIS-NIR spectroscopy, this study indicates that the TH lamp could be replaceable with a warm-white LED and pc-NIR LEDs.
Journal Article
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Bio-Applications
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy occupies a specific spot across the field of bioscience and related disciplines. Its characteristics and application potential differs from infrared (IR) or Raman spectroscopy. This vibrational spectroscopy technique elucidates molecular information from the examined sample by measuring absorption bands resulting from overtones and combination excitations. Recent decades brought significant progress in the instrumentation (e.g., miniaturized spectrometers) and spectral analysis methods (e.g., spectral image processing and analysis, quantum chemical calculation of NIR spectra), which made notable impact on its applicability. This review aims to present NIR spectroscopy as a matured technique, yet with great potential for further advances in several directions throughout broadly understood bio-applications. Its practical value is critically assessed and compared with competing techniques. Attention is given to link the bio-application potential of NIR spectroscopy with its fundamental characteristics and principal features of NIR spectra.
Journal Article
A high‐performance cell‐labeling NIR‐II dye for in vivo cell tracking
Fluorescent dyes that emit in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II, 1000–3000 nm) region have provided significant advances toward real‐time and high‐resolution imaging of vessel and lymphatic system. However, in vivo NIR‐II tracking of the fate of labeled cells still remains challenging. Here, we develop a shielding unit–donor–acceptor–donor–shielding unit (S‐D‐A‐D‐S) NIR‐II fluorophore (FE‐4ZW) with zwitterionic terminal groups for high‐efficiency cell labeling without using cell‐penetrating peptides, which provides for enhanced non‐invasive in vivo determination of the location of cell migration. The tethering terminal sulfoammonium inner salts are featured with its high affinity for cell membranes, thereby enabling the stable labeling even for fixed cells. The fate of transplanted stem cell and the tumor cell migration along lymphatic system in brain or periphery tissues are clearly monitored by the cell‐internalized FE‐4ZW. We also confirmed that a clinically used surfactant, D‐α‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol‐1000 succinate, can reduce the liver and spleen uptake of FE‐4ZW. The fluorophore design strategy and cell‐labeling technology reported here open a new realm in the visualization of cell migration and insight into the relocation process, thereby ultimately providing an opportunity to investigate in greater detail of the underlying mechanisms of stem cell therapy and tumor metastasis.
Journal Article
An NIR‐III 3P Excitable AIE Nanoprobe for High‐Quality Intravital Deep‐Brain Angiography
Three‐photon (3P) fluorescence imaging (FLI) utilizing excitation wavelengths within the near‐infrared‐III (NIR‐III, 1600–1870 nm) window has emerged as a transformative modality for intravital imaging, owing to its combined advantages of excellent spatiotemporal resolution and remarkable tissue penetration. High‐performance fluorescent probes are the cornerstone of high‐quality NIR‐III 3P FLI. However, the construction of such probes is often hindered by inherent trade‐offs in molecular design principles, posing significant challenges for their performance optimization and practical application. Here, we propose a straightforward and effective strategy based on π‐bridge manipulation to reconcile those competing molecular design parameters and substantially enhance 3P fluorescence properties. Leveraging this approach, a robust AIE‐active small molecule, named TSSID, was developed, which exhibits bright NIR‐I (700–950 nm) emission under 1665 nm NIR‐III 3P excitation when formulated into nanoparticles (NPs). Remarkably, upon retro‐orbital injection into mice following craniotomy, TSSID NPs achieved the best performance in deep‐brain angiography among all reported organic 3P materials in terms of vascular imaging depth, signal‐to‐background ratio, spatial resolution, and hemodynamic imaging depth. Additionally, TSSID NPs demonstrated outstanding biocompatibility through systematic biosafety evaluations. This study provides an excellent imaging agent and useful molecular design philosophy, facilitating the development of advanced organic 3P FLI probes. A robust NIR‐III 3P excitable AIE probe was developed based on the proposed design strategy of π‐bridge manipulation to reconcile competing molecular parameters and optimize 3P fluorescence properties, which achieved optimal quality in intravital deep‐brain angiography among all reported organic 3P probes in terms of vascular imaging depth, SBR, spatial resolution, and hemodynamic imaging depth after formulated into nanoparticles.
Journal Article
Molecular imaging of biological systems with a clickable dye in the broad 800- to 1,700-nm near-infrared window
Fluorescence imaging multiplicity of biological systems is an area of intense focus, currently limited to fluorescence channels in the visible and first near-infrared (NIR-I; ∼700–900 nm) spectral regions. The development of conjugatable fluorophores with longer wavelength emission is highly desired to afford more targeting channels, reduce background autofluorescence, and achieve deeper tissue imaging depths. We have developed NIR-II (1,000–1,700 nm) molecular imaging agents with a bright NIR-II fluorophore through high-efficiency click chemistry to specific molecular antibodies. Relying on buoyant density differences during density gradient ultracentrifugation separations, highly pure NIR-II fluorophore-antibody conjugates emitting ∼1,100 nm were obtained for use as molecular-specific NIR-II probes. This facilitated 3D staining of ∼170-μm histological brain tissues sections on a home-built confocal microscope, demonstrating multicolor molecular imaging across both the NIR-I and NIR-II windows (800–1,700 nm).
Journal Article
Rational Design of a Self‐Assembling High Performance Organic Nanofluorophore for Intraoperative NIR‐II Image‐Guided Tumor Resection of Oral Cancer
The first line of treatment for most solid tumors is surgical resection of the primary tumor with adequate negative margins. Incomplete tumor resections with positive margins account for over 75% of local recurrences and the development of distant metastases. In cases of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the rate of successful tumor removal with adequate margins is just 50–75%. Advanced real‐time imaging methods that improve the detection of tumor margins can help improve success rates,overall safety, and reduce the cost. Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window has the potential to revolutionize the field due to its high spatial resolution, low background signal, and deep tissue penetration properties, but NIR‐II dyes with adequate in vivo performance and safety profiles are scarce. A novel NIR‐II fluorophore, XW‐03‐66, with a fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 6.0% in aqueous media is reported. XW‐03‐66 self‐assembles into nanoparticles (≈80 nm) and has a systemic circulation half‐life (t1/2) of 11.3 h. In mouse models of human papillomavirus (HPV)+ and HPV‐ OSCC, XW‐03‐66 outperformed indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically available NIR dye, and enabled intraoperative NIR‐II image‐guided resection of the tumor and adjacent draining lymph node with negative margins. In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments revealed minimal safety concerns for in vivo applications. A new NIR‐II fluorophore, XW‐03‐66, self‐assembles into nanoparticles with 80 nm hydrodynamic diameter in aqueous media, generating NIR‐II images with 6% fluorescence quantum yield. When administered intravenously, the particles accumulate in mouse tumor models of oral cancer enabling real‐time NIR‐II image‐guided resection of tumors and draining lymph nodes with negative resection margins. Preliminary toxicity evaluation shows very mild concerns.
Journal Article
Super-stable cyanine@albumin fluorophore for enhanced NIR-II bioimaging
Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) dyes could be encapsulated by either exogenous or endogenous albumin to form stable complexes for deep tissue bioimaging. However, we still lack a complete understanding of the interaction mechanism of the dye@albumin complex. Studying this principle is essential to guide efficient dye synthesis and develop NIR-II probes with improved brightness, photostability, etc.Methods: Here, we screen and test the optical and chemical properties of dye@albumin fluorophores, and systematically investigate the binding sites and the relationship between dye structures and binding degree. Super-stable cyanine dye@albumin fluorophores are rationally obtained, and we also evaluate their pharmacokinetics and long-lasting NIR-II imaging abilities.Results: We identify several key parameters of cyanine dyes governing the supramolecular/covalent binding to albumin, including a six-membered ring with chlorine (Cl), the small size of side groups, and relatively high hydrophobicity. The tailored fluorophore (IR-780@albumin) exhibits much-improved photostability, serving as a long-lasting imaging probe for NIR-II bioimaging.Conclusion: Our study reveals that the chloride-containing cyanine dyes with the above-screened chemical structure (e.g. IR-780) could be lodged into albumin more efficiently, producing a much more stable fluorescent probe. Our finding partly solves the photobleaching issue of clinically-available cyanine dyes, enriching the probe library for NIR-II bioimaging and imaging-guided surgery.
Journal Article