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"NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES"
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World Nuclear Power
Originally published in 1991, this comprehensive volume provides not only technical information regarding the global nuclear power industry, but also discusses the economic, social and political issues which have an impact on the industry. There are specific chapters on the nuclear industry in the USA and Canada, Western Europe, the former USSR and Eastern Europe and East Asia which examine in detail the particular set of geographical and economic conditions which affect each area. Including an extensive glossary, figures and tabulated information, this book remains one of the most accessible, impartial and thorough studies of the global nuclear industry.
1. Preliminary Considerations: Reactor Types and Characteristics 2. The world Pattern of Nuclear Power Production 3. The USA and Canada 4. Western Europe 5. The USSR and CMEA Countries of Eatern Europe 6. East Asia 7. From Uranium Ore to Fuel Element: The Front-End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 8. The Nature of the Hazards: Radiation and Its Biological Effects 9. Money Costs of Nuclear and Their Locational Effects 10. Safety issues in the Siting of Nuclear Power Plants 11. Siting in Relation to Exceptional Environmental Events: Earthquakes and Faults, Tornadoes, Tsunamis and Floods 12. The Back-End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Storing and Transporting Radioactive Waste 13. Prospects for the Future.
eBook
Biomass prediction method of nuclear power cold source disaster based on deep learning
Given the insufficient early warning capacity of nuclear cold source biological disasters, this paper explores prediction methods for biomass caused by nuclear cold source disasters based on deep learning. This paper also uses the correlation analysis method to determine the main environmental factors. The adaptive particle swarm optimization method was used to optimize the depth confidence network model of the Gaussian continuous constrained Boltzmann machine (APSO-CRBM-DBN). To train the model, the marine environmental factors were used as the main input factors and the biomass after a period of time was used as the output for training. Optimal prediction results were obtained, and thus, the prediction model of biomass caused by the nuclear cold source disaster was established. The model provides an accurate scientific basis for the early warning of cold source disasters in nuclear power plants and has important practical significance for solving the problem of biological blockage at the inlet of cold source water in nuclear power plants.
Journal Article
Intracorporeal Heat Distribution from Fully Implantable Energy Sources for Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Computational Proof-of-Concept Study
Mechanical circulatory support devices, such as total artificial hearts and left ventricular assist devices, rely on external energy sources for their continuous operation. Clinically approved power supplies rely on percutaneous cables connecting an external energy source to the implanted device with the associated risk of infections. One alternative, investigated in the 70s and 80s, employs a fully implanted nuclear power source. The heat generated by the nuclear decay can be converted into electricity to power circulatory support devices. Due to the low conversion efficiencies, substantial levels of waste heat are generated and must be dissipated to avoid tissue damage, heat stroke, and death. The present work computationally evaluates the ability of the blood flow in the descending aorta to remove the locally generated waste heat for subsequent full-body distribution and dissipation, with the specific aim of investigating methods for containment of local peak temperatures within physiologically acceptable limits. To this aim, coupled fluid-solid heat transfer computational models of the blood flow in the human aorta and different heat exchanger architectures are developed. Particle tracking is used to evaluate temperature histories of cells passing through the heat exchanger region. The use of the blood flow in the descending aorta as a heat sink proves to be a viable approach for the removal of waste heat loads. With the basic heat exchanger design, blood thermal boundary layer temperatures exceed 50°C, possibly damaging blood cells and proteins. Improved designs of the heat exchanger, with the addition of fins and heat guides, allow for drastically lower blood temperatures, possibly leading to a more biocompatible implant. The ability to maintain blood temperatures at biologically compatible levels will ultimately allow for the body-wise distribution, and subsequent dissipation, of heat loads with minimum effects on the human physiology.
Journal Article
Two-dimensional halide perovskite as β-ray scintillator for nuclear radiation monitoring
Ensuring nuclear safety has become of great significance as nuclear power is playing an increasingly important role in supplying worldwide electricity. β-ray monitoring is a crucial method, but commercial organic scintillators for β-ray detection suffer from high temperature failure and irradiation damage. Here, we report a type of β-ray scintillator with good thermotolerance and irradiation hardness based on a two-dimensional halide perovskite. Comprehensive composition engineering and doping are carried out with the rationale elaborated. Consequently, effective β-ray scintillation is obtained, the scintillator shows satisfactory thermal quenching and high decomposition temperature, no functionality decay or hysteresis is observed after an accumulated radiation dose of 10 kGy (dose rate 0.67 kGy h
−1
). Besides, the two-dimensional halide perovskite β-ray scintillator also overcomes the notorious intrinsic water instability, and benefits from low-cost aqueous synthesis along with superior waterproofness, thus paving the way towards practical application.
Efficient radiation monitoring ensures safety in nuclear power, but beta-ray scintillators should be developed for use near a highly radioactive and hot reactor. Here, the authors report a two-dimensional halide perovskite-based beta-ray scintillator with high irradiation hardness and thermotolerance.
Journal Article
Net-zero emissions energy systems
Models show that to avert dangerous levels of climate change, global carbon dioxide emissions must fall to zero later this century. Most of these emissions arise from energy use. Davis et al. review what it would take to achieve decarbonization of the energy system. Some parts of the energy system are particularly difficult to decarbonize, including aviation, long-distance transport, steel and cement production, and provision of a reliable electricity supply. Current technologies and pathways show promise, but integration of now-discrete energy sectors and industrial processes is vital to achieve minimal emissions. Science , this issue p. eaas9793 Some energy services and industrial processes—such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing—are particularly difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO 2 to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.
Journal Article
Investigating the Potential of Nuclear Energy in Achieving a Carbon-Free Energy Future
This scientific paper discusses the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change. The proposed strategy is to reach net-zero emissions by transitioning to electric systems powered by low-carbon sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric power, and nuclear energy. However, the paper also highlights the challenges of this transition, including high costs and lack of infrastructure. The paper emphasizes the need for continued research and investment in renewable energy technology and infrastructure to overcome these challenges and achieve a sustainable energy system. Additionally, the use of nuclear energy raises concerns, such as nuclear waste and proliferation, and should be considered with its benefits and drawbacks. The study assesses the feasibility of nuclear energy development in Latvia, a country in Northern Europe, and finds that Latvia is a suitable location for nuclear power facilities due to potential energy independence, low-carbon energy production, reliability, and economic benefits. The study also discusses methods of calculating electricity generation and consumption, such as measuring MWh produced by power plants, and balancing supply and demand within the country. Furthermore, the study assesses the safety of nuclear reactors, generated waste, and options for nuclear waste recycling. The transition to a carbon-free energy system is ongoing and complex, requiring multiple strategies to accelerate the transition. While the paper proposes that nuclear energy could be a practical means of supporting and backing up electricity generated by renewables, it should be noted that there are still challenges to be addressed. Some of the results presented in the paper are still based on studies, and the post-treatment of waste needs to be further clarified.
Journal Article
From Corrective to Predictive Maintenance—A Review of Maintenance Approaches for the Power Industry
Appropriate maintenance of industrial equipment keeps production systems in good health and ensures the stability of production processes. In specific production sectors, such as the electrical power industry, equipment failures are rare but may lead to high costs and substantial economic losses not only for the power plant but for consumers and the larger society. Therefore, the power production industry relies on a variety of approaches to maintenance tasks, ranging from traditional solutions and engineering know-how to smart, AI-based analytics to avoid potential downtimes. This review shows the evolution of maintenance approaches to support maintenance planning, equipment monitoring and supervision. We present older techniques traditionally used in maintenance tasks and those that rely on IT analytics to automate tasks and perform the inference process for failure detection. We analyze prognostics and health-management techniques in detail, including their requirements, advantages and limitations. The review focuses on the power-generation sector. However, some of the issues addressed are common to other industries. The article also presents concepts and solutions that utilize emerging technologies related to Industry 4.0, touching on prescriptive analysis, Big Data and the Internet of Things. The primary motivation and purpose of the article are to present the existing practices and classic methods used by engineers, as well as modern approaches drawing from Artificial Intelligence and the concept of Industry 4.0. The summary of existing practices and the state of the art in the area of predictive maintenance provides two benefits. On the one hand, it leads to improving processes by matching existing tools and methods. On the other hand, it shows researchers potential directions for further analysis and new developments.
Journal Article