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Introduction: Multiple studies have analyzed the anthropometric characteristics of professional soccer players. However, carrying out studies describing such characteristics according to their playing position is pertinent. Objective: To describe the anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of professional male soccer players from a club in Caldas (Colombia) according to their playing position. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 28 professional soccer players from a club in Caldas. Body composition was estimated using the five-way fractionation method and was described according to the playing position. The differences between anthropometric indicators, body composition percentages, and somatotype according to the playing positions were evaluated using different statistical tests (ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test). Results: Participant’s mean age, weight, and height were 24.9±5.74 years, 68.8±8.62kg, and 173±5.2cm, respectively. The median BMI was 22.9 (IQR=3.97kg/m2), being higher in midfielders (25.1; IQR=3.80kg/m2). The mean body adiposity percentage was 29.9±8.86%, being higher in goalkeepers (35.1±12.9%). The median muscle mass percentage was 44.7 (IQR=10.6%), being higher in forwards (49.9; IQR=7.2%). Regarding the somatotype classification, 35.71% of the players had an endo-mesomorphic type, with a statistically significant difference between the frequency of this body composition and the presence of other somatotypes (p=0.02), and being more frequent in forwards and midfielders (4 of 7 players and 3 of 5 players, respectively). Conclusions: Differences in some anthropometric variables and somatotypes were identified in the players according to their playing position. Introducción. Múltiples estudios han analizado las características antropométricas en futbolistas profesionales. Sin embargo, es pertinente realizar estudios que describan estas características según la posición de juego. Objetivo. Describir las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipo de jugadores profesionales de fútbol masculino de un club de Caldas, Colombia, según su posición de juego. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal descriptivo realizado en 28 futbolistas profesionales de un equipo de Caldas. Se estimó la composición corporal utilizando el modelo de fraccionamiento de cinco componentes y se describió según la posición de juego. Las diferencias en los indicadores antropométricos, los porcentajes de composición corporal y el somatotipo según la posición de juego fueron evaluadas usando diferentes pruebas estadísticas (ANOVA, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y prueba Chi cuadrado). Resultados. La edad promedio fue 24.9±5.74 años; el peso corporal promedio, 68.8±8.62kg, y la estatura promedio, 173±5.2cm. La mediana del IMC fue 22.9 (RIC=3.97kg/m2), siendo mayor en los mediocampistas (25.1; RIC=3.80kg/m2). El porcentaje de adiposidad promedio fue 29.9±8.86%, siendo mayor en los porteros (35.1±12.9%). La mediana de porcentaje de masa muscular fue 44.7% (RIC=10.6%), siendo más alta en los delanteros (49.9; RIC=±7.2%). Respecto a la clasificación del somatotipo, 35.71% de los futbolistas tenía un componente endo-mesomorfo, observándose una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia de esta composición y los demás somatotipos (p=0.02), y siendo más frecuente en los delanteros y mediocampistas (4 de 7 jugadores y 3 de 5 jugadores, respectivamente). Conclusiones. Se identificaron diferencias en algunas variables antropométricas y en el somatotipo de los futbolistas según su posición de juego.

The capacity of plants to protect themselves from stress and efficiently assimilate CO 2 depends on dynamic regulation of photosynthetic electron transport pathways. In the cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI-CET), the ferredoxin (Fd) reduced by PSI donates electrons to plastoquinone (PQ), which then enter the pathway of photosynthetic linear electron transport (LET). It has been postulated that PSI-CET generates the additional proton motive force needed to drive sufficient ATP synthase activity for CO 2 assimilation. The rate of PSI-CET relative to LET responds dynamically to environmental conditions and the metabolic demands of the chloroplast, but the mechanism for this regulation is still under debate. The rate of PSI-CET has been quantified as the oxidation rate of reduced Fd that exceeds the oxidation rate due to LET, which we term vFd(CET). In this study, the effects of the redox states of both PQ and Fd on vFd(CET) were analyzed in relation to the dependence of CO 2 assimilation on light intensity in the C3 plant Helianthus annuus . In contrast to the rate of CO 2 assimilation, the rate of PSI-CET demonstrated phases of acceleration and deceleration as the light intensity increases. The acceleration of vFd(CET) correlated with reduction state of Fd, while the deceleration correlated with reduction state of PQ. Plants grown with high nitrogen exhibited higher CO 2 assimilation rates, more oxidized PQ and greater vFd(CET). Furthermore, a strong correlation was observed between vFd(CET) and the usage rate of proton motive force. These findings demonstrate that in vivo , vFd(CET) is regulated by the redox states of both Fd and PQ.

Typical symptoms of heavy metals toxicity are often similar or even the same like symptoms of some essential nutrients deficiency. The aim of this paper is to discuss mechanisms of some heavy metals uptake and possible ways of their influence on some basic and trace nutrients availability for plants. Attention is also paid to regulatory relationships among groups of heavy metals themselves. Moreover, possibilities and limitations in revitalization of heavy metal-treated plants by micro-, and macronutrient supply are discussed

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20th and 40th day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

Most aphids possess intracellular bacteria of the genus Buchnera . The bacteria are transmitted vertically via the aphid ovary, and the association is obligate for both partners: Bacteria-free aphids grow poorly and produce few or no offspring, and Buchnera are both unknown apart from aphids and apparently unculturable. The symbiosis has a nutritional basis. Specifically, bacterial provisioning of essential amino acids has been demonstrated. Nitrogen recycling, however, is not quantitatively important to the nutrition of aphid species studied, and there is strong evidence against bacterial involvement in the lipid and sterol nutrition of aphids. Buchnera have been implicated in various non-nutritional functions. Of these, just one has strong experimental support: promotion of aphid transmission of circulative viruses. It is argued that strong parallels may exist between the nutritional interactions (including the underlying mechanisms) in the aphid- Buchnera association and other insect symbioses with intracellular microorganisms.

Feeding behavior is critical for survival. In addition to providing all of the body's macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and most micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), feeding behavior is a fundamental aspect of energy homeostasis, the process by which body fuel stored in the form of adipose tissue is held constant over long intervals. For this process to occur, the amount of energy consumed must match precisely the amount of energy expended. This review focuses on the molecular signals that modulate food intake while integrating the body's immediate and long-term energy needs

Essential oils (EOs) are important aromatic components of herbs and spices and their biological activities have been known and utilised since ancient times in perfumery, food preservation, flavouring, and medicine. Some of their biological activities include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects amongst others. EOs have received attention in recent years as potential 'natural' alternatives for replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal diets due to their positive impact on growth performance, gut microbiota and welfare. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of our own published and unpublished data on the antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activity of thymol and cinnamaldehyde (TC blend), and to describe the effects of this specific EO blend on gut microbiota, growth performance and welfare, carcass characteristics and food safety. The possible modes of action of EOs are discussed and areas for future research are proposed.

El estado nutricional y la actividad física es una preocupación mundial, como se manifiesta en lo declarado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud cuando prevé que casi dos de cada tres personas tendrán sobrepeso en 2030 y que más del 80% de los escolares no realiza la actividad física necesaria al día. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la actividad física y el estado nutricional, según el índice de masa corporal en los adolescentes chilenos. Tiene un diseño descriptivo trasversal con una muestra que estuvo compuesta por n=3169 sujetos. Los instrumentos fueron el cuestionario PAQ-C y mediciones antropométricas talla-peso y se desarrollaron análisis descriptivos y la prueba ANOVA. Los resultados indican que no existe relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el estado nutricional y la actividad física de los adolescentes, pero si en relación con el estado nutricional entre los grupos de edad y sexo. En general a mayor edad, disminuye el estado nutricional por exceso, en el caso de los hombres lo mantienen mayor que el de las mujeres entre 10 a 15 años. Por el contrario, en el grupo de más de 16 años, las mujeres mantienen una puntuación más alta en el estado nutricional por exceso, invirtiéndose estos valores en los hombres que alcanzan un estado nutricional normal mayor. Se concluye que la mala nutrición y la leve o poca actividad física de los adolescentes requiere urgentemente implementar estrategias que beneficien e impulsen la práctica de actividad física y una dieta equilibrada diaria. Palabras claves: adolescentes, nutrición, ejercicio físico, Chile. Abstract. Nutritional status and physical activity is a worldwide concern, as stated by the World Health Organization when it predicts that almost two out of three people will be overweight in 2030 and that more than 80% of schoolchildren do not perform the necessary physical activity per day. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between physical activity and nutritional status, according to body mass index in Chilean adolescents. It has a cross-sectional descriptive design with a sample that consisted of n=3169 subjects. The instruments were the PAQ-C questionnaire and anthropometric height-weight measurements, and descriptive analyses and ANOVA tests were performed. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between nutritional status and physical activity in adolescents, but there is a statistically significant relationship between nutritional status among age and sex groups. In general, the older the age, the lower the nutritional status due to excess, in the case of men it is higher than that of women between 10 and 15 years of age. On the contrary, in the group over 16 years of age, women maintain a higher score in nutritional status by excess, reversing these values in men who reach a higher normal nutritional status. Keywords: adolescents, nutrition, physical exercise, Chile.

To evaluate the differences in the consumption of fruit and vegetables between groups with different socio-economic status (SES) in the adult population of European countries. A systematic review of published and unpublished surveys of food habits conducted between 1985 and 1999 in 15 European countries. Educational level and occupational status were used as indicators of SES. A pooled estimate of the mean difference between the highest and the lowest level of education and occupation was calculated separately for men and women, using DerSimonian and Laird's random effects model. The inclusion criteria of studies were: use of a validated method for assessing intake at the individual level; selection of a nationwide sample or a representative sample of a region; and providing the mean and standard deviation of overall fruit and vegetable consumption for each level of education or occupation, and separately for men and women. Participants in the individual surveys had to be adults (18-85 y). Eleven studies from seven countries met the criteria for being included in the meta-analysis. A higher SES was associated with a greater consumption of both fruit and vegetables. The pooled estimate of the difference in the intake of fruit was 24.3 g/person/day (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.0-34.7) between men in the highest level of education and those in the lowest level of education. Similarly, this difference was 33.6 g/person/day for women (95% CI 22.5-44.8). The differences regarding vegetables were 17.0 g/person/day (95% CI 8.6-25.5) for men and 13.4 g/person/day (95% CI 7.1-19.7) for women. The results were in the same direction when occupation instead of education was used as an indicator of SES. Although we cannot exclude over-reporting of intake by those with highest SES, it is unlikely that this potential bias could fully explain the differences we have found. Our results suggest that an unhealthier nutrition pattern may exist among adults belonging to lower socio-economic levels in Europe. The present study was supported by the European Union's FAIR programme (FAIR-97-3096).

Mental health problems are common among adolescents and greatly influenced by stressful events. This study sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19. Method: Cross-sectional study (N = 1,794 adolescents, mean age = 15.26) was conducted in May 2020. An online survey was used to collect socio-demographic data, COVID-related fear (COVID-fear), nutrition, physical activity (PA) level and the symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety. Results: The prevalence of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms was 37.80%, 48.20% and 36.70%, respectively, among Chinese adolescents during the pandemic. Generalized linear models revealed that female, left behind children, and students with greater COVID-fear tended to report symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety concurrently. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and COVID-fear, better nutritional status and moderately active PA were both associated with lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, while highly active PA was associated with lower levels of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to psychological health among adolescents while combating COVID-19. To promote adolescents’ mental health, educators should help adolescents develop a healthy lifestyle with balanced diet and regular exercise. Los problemas de salud mental son comunes en adolescentes y están influenciados por eventos estresantes. Se evaluó prevalencia y correlatos de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes chinos durante el COVID-19. Método: En mayo de 2020 se realizó un estudio transversal (N = 1.794 adolescentes, edad media = 15,26) mediante una encuesta en línea para recopilar datos sociodemográficos, miedo relacionado con COVID-19, nutrición, actividad física (AF) y síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad fue del 37,80%, 48,20% y 36,70%, respectivamente. Modelos lineales generalizados revelaron que mujeres, niños abandonados y estudiantes con más miedo al COVID-19 tendían a informar síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad simultaneamente. Después de ajustar los factores sociodemográficos y el miedo al COVID-19, mejor estado nutricional y AF moderadamente activa se asociaron con niveles más bajos de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, mientras que AF muy activa se asoció con niveles más bajos de insomnio, síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad. Conclusiones: Se debe prestar más atención a la salud psicológica de los adolescentes mientras se combate el COVID-19. Para promover su salud mental, los educadores deben ayudarles a desarrollar un estilo de vida saludable con una dieta equilibrada y ejercicio regular.