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"NUTRIENT REMOVAL"
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Analysis of eutrophication potential of municipal wastewater
One of the main factors of the increased eutrophication level of surface waters is the high anthropogenic loads of biogenic substances discharged into water bodies. Municipal wastewaters, containing large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus play one of the key roles in the acceleration of eutrophication intensity. The main direction in the prevention of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge has become the reduction of nutrient loads introduced to wastewater receivers in accordance with strict legal requirements achievable only in advanced technologies. The treated wastewater quality standards are actually developed for total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, disregarding the fact that eutrophication potential of treated wastewater is determined by the content of non-organic nutrient forms directly bioavailable for water vegetation. That is why the currently used energy-consuming and expensive technologies do not always guarantee effective protection against eutrophication and its consequences. The goal of the study was to analyze the most widely used wastewater treatment technologies for enhanced biological nutrients removal in treated wastewater eutrophication potential. For this purpose, an analysis of the operation of 18 wastewater treatment plants based on different technologies in Finland, Canada, Poland, Russia and the United States was realized. The analysis concluded that the eutrophication potential of treated wastewater to a large extent is conditioned by the applied technology. The results of the research concluded that the eutrophication potential can serve an important criterion for decision-making regarding the proper selection of wastewater treatment technologies aimed at eutrophication mitigation.
Journal Article
Electrochemical Methods for Nutrient Removal in Wastewater: A Review of Advanced Electrode Materials, Processes, and Applications
In response to the increasing global water demand and the pressing environmental challenges posed by climate change, the development of advanced wastewater treatment processes has become essential. This study introduces novel electrochemical technologies and examines the scalability of industrial-scale electrooxidation (EO) methods for wastewater treatment, focusing on simplifying processes and reducing operational costs. Focusing on the effective removal of key nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, from wastewater, this review highlights recent advancements in electrode materials and innovative designs, such as high-performance metal oxides and carbon-based electrodes, that enhance efficiency and sustainability. Additionally, a comprehensive discussion covers a range of electrochemical methods, including electrocoagulation and electrooxidation, each evaluated for their effectiveness in nutrient removal. Unlike previous studies, this review not only examines nutrient removal efficiency, but also assesses the industrial applicability of these technologies through case studies, demonstrating their potential in municipal and industrial wastewater contexts. By advancing durable and cost-effective electrode materials, this study emphasizes the potential of electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies to address global water quality issues and promote environmental sustainability. Future research directions are identified with a focus on overcoming current limitations, such as high operational costs and electrode degradation, and positioning electrochemical treatment as a promising solution for sustainable water resource management on a larger scale.
Journal Article
Recent advances and perspectives in the treatment of hydroponic wastewater: a review
Rapid development of hydroponic farming which is soilless cultivation method of growing plant using mineral nutrient solution dissolved in water produces large amount of wastewater rich in nutrients and organic matters thus imposes great harms to human and environment, if the waste nutrient solution is not correctly treated. The objective of this review is to present information concerning hydroponic systems, including: the different classes and methods of operation; advantages and drawbacks and the recent approaches and development in hydroponic wastewater treatments. Particular emphasis has been placed on removal of root exudates from reused waste nutrient solution in closed system. The reviewed technologies for nutrient removal or recovery include denitrification, microalgae cultivation, constructed wetlands and activated carbon methods. The alternatives byproducts i.e. biogas as agriculture fertilizer for hydroponic cultivation to attain sustainable agriculture was further highlighted. In addition, current challenges and future prospects in this field are carried out. About 118 published studies are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that activated carbon is the most frequently studied for the nutrient recovery of hydroponic wastewater.
Journal Article
Nutrient removal and recovery from wastewater by microbial fuel cell-based systems – A review
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a green innovative technology that can be employed for nutrient removal/recovery as well as for energy production from wastewater. This paper summarizes the recent advances in the use of MFCs for nutrient removal/recovery. Different configurations of MFCs used for nutrient removal are first described. Different types of nutrient removal/recovery mechanisms such as precipitation, biological uptake by microalgae, nitrification, denitrification and ammonia stripping occurring in MFCs are discussed. Recovery of nutrients as struvite or cattiite by precipitation, as microalgal biomass and as ammonium salts are common. This review shows that while higher nutrient removal/recovery is possible with MFCs and their modifications compared to other techniques as indicated by many laboratory studies, field-scale studies and optimization of operational parameters are needed to develop efficient MFCs for nutrient removal and recovery and electricity generation from different types of wastewaters.
Journal Article
Dynamics of nutrient removal and N2O emissions in an ecological ditch with different plant combinations
Ecological ditches (eco-ditches) are being recognized as a green method for treating wastewater from domestic sewage sources. However, the relationship between the efficiency of nutrient removal from wastewater and N
2
O emissions is unclear given that a higher nutrient removal efficiency might result in more N
2
O emissions. Therefore, we constructed an eco-ditch system with three combinations of different plants (local wetland species) to treat rural sewage in the mountainous regions of China and monitored water quality and N
2
O emissions. Eco-ditches are important sources of atmospheric N
2
O, with nutrient removal efficiencies of 22–84% and 23–87% for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), respectively, and emissions of N
2
O ranging from 16 to 243 µg m
−2
h
−1
. The seasonal variations in pollutant removal efficiency and N
2
O emissions followed similar patterns—both were considerably greater in summer than in the other seasons, with the lowest values observed in winter. Among the three plant configurations tested, ditch sections containing
Acorus calamus
L. and
Phyllostachys heteroclada
Oliv. had the highest nutrient removal efficiency and the lowest N
2
O emissions, with removal efficiencies of 24% and 32%, respectively, for TN and TP, and a 16% average reduction in N
2
O emissions, which was positively associated with NO
3
–N. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate combination of plant species for eco-ditches to efficiently remove nutrients from rural domestic sewage and reduce N
2
O emissions.
Journal Article
Biorefinery of Inorganics
Provides complete coverage of the recovery of mineral nutrients from biomass and organic waste
This book presents a comprehensive overview of the potential for mineral recovery from wastes, addressing technological issues as well as economic, ecological, and agronomic full-scale field assessments. It serves as a complete reference work for experts in the field and provides teaching material for future experts specializing in environmental technology sectors.
Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste starts by explaining the concept of using anaerobic digestion as a biorefinery for production of an energy carrier in addition to mineral secondary resources. It then discusses the current state of mineral fertilizer use throughout the world, offering readers a complete look at the resource availability and energy intensity. Technical aspects of mineral recovery organic (waste-)streams is discussed next, followed by an examination of the economics of biobased products and their mineral counterparts. The book also covers the environmental impact assessment of the production and use of bio-based fertilizers; modelling and optimization of nutrient recovery from wastes; and more.
* Discusses global production and consumption of mineral fertilizers
* Introduces technologies for the recovery of mineral NPK from organic wastes and residues
* Covers chemical characterization and speciation of refined secondary resources, and shows readers how to assess biobased mineral resources
* Discusses applications of recovered minerals in the inorganic chemistry sector
* Compares the economics of biobased products with current fossil-based counterparts
* Offers an ecological assessment of introducing biobased products in the current fertilizer industry
* Edited by leading experts in the field
Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste is an ideal book for scientists, environmental engineers, and end-users in the agro-industry, the waste industry, water and wastewater treatment, and agriculture. It will also be of great benefit to policy makers and regulators working in these fields.
eBook
Free water surface constructed wetlands: review of pollutant removal performance and modeling approaches
Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWSCWs) for the treatment of various wastewater types have evolved significantly over the last few decades. With an increasing need and interest in FWSCWs applications worldwide due to their cost-effectiveness and other benefits, this paper reviews recent literature on FWSCWs' ability to remove different types of pollutants such as nutrients (i.e., TN, TP, NH
4
-N), heavy metals (i.e., Fe, Zn, and Ni), antibiotics (i.e., oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, sulfamethazine, and ofloxacin), and pesticides (i.e., Atrazine, S-Metolachlor, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, diuron 3,4-dichloroanilin, Simazine, and Atrazine) that may co-exist in wetland inflow, and discusses approaches for simulating hydraulic and pollutant removal processes. A bibliometric analysis of recent literature reveals that China has the highest number of publications, followed by the USA. The collected data show that FWSCWs can remove an average of 61.6%, 67.8%, 54.7%, and 72.85% of inflowing nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics, and pesticides, respectively. Optimizing each pollutant removal process requires specific design parameters. Removing heavy metal requires the lowest hydraulic retention time (HRT) (average of 4.78 days), removing pesticides requires the lowest water depth (average of 0.34 m), and nutrient removal requires the largest system size. Vegetation, especially
Typha spp.
and
Phragmites spp.
, play an important role in FWSCWs' system performance, making significant contributions to the removal process. Various modeling approaches (i.e., black-box and process-based) were comprehensively reviewed, revealing the need for including the internal process mechanisms related to the biological processes along with plants spp., that supported by a further research with field study validations. This work presents a state-of-the-art, systematic, and comparative discussion on the efficiency of FWSCWs in removing different pollutants, main design factors, the vegetation, and well-described models for performance prediction.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Modeling Biological Nutrients Removal for Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Management: A Case Study of Ain El Houtz WWTP (Algeria)
This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Ain El Houtz Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) model that represents its biological nutrient removal process to simulate its performance and assess the model's predictability. Operational data was collected and analyzed over three years (2020 to 2023), to characterize the water quality of influent and effluent discharged from the plant. Physicochemical parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD
5
), Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH
4
), Nitrite-Nitrogen (N-NO
2
−
), Nitrate-Nitrogen (N-NO
3
−
), and Phosphate ions (PO
4
-
3
) were considered. Using the GPS-X software modeling platform, a process flow diagram was developed to integrate the ASM2d model for biological nutrient removal. Through the sensitivity analysis of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters, the research identified the key parameters that impacted the nutrient removal efficiency, which in turn further guided the calibration process. The calibration adjustments focused primarily on parameters associated with denitrification, autotrophic growth, and oxygen saturation coefficients. Statistical measures such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) were used to evaluate the model’s performance in both steady-state and dynamic-state validation scenarios. Results indicated that for the steady state the MAE and RMSE were the same, NH
4
(6.06) N-NO
2
−
& N-NO
3
−
(1.36), and PO
4
-
3
(3.167), while for dynamic-state we noticed a difference between the MAE and RMSE for the concentration, indicating the complexity of modeling nutrient removal processes. It was observed that PO
4
−3
concentration was not affected by the sensitivity analysis, possibly due to the lack of availability of specific process for the phosphorus removal in the treatment plant, further studies are needed to be carried out to address this issue in detail.
Journal Article
Pilot-scale comparison of biological nutrient removal (BNR) using intermittent and continuous ammonia-based low dissolved oxygen aeration control systems
Sensor driven aeration control strategies have recently been developed as a means to efficiently carry out biological nutrient removal (BNR) and reduce aeration costs in wastewater treatment plants. Under load-based aeration control, often implemented as ammonia-based aeration control (ABAC), airflow is regulated to meet desired effluent standards without specifically setting dissolved oxygen (DO) targets. Another approach to reduce aeration requirements is to constantly maintain low DO conditions and allow the microbial community to adapt to the low-DO environment. In this study, we compared the performance of two pilot-scale BNR treatment trains that simultaneously used ABAC and low-DO operation to evaluate the combination of these two strategies. One pilot plant was operated with continuous ABAC while the other one used intermittent ABAC. Both processes achieved greater than 90% total Kjehldal nitrogen (TKN) removal, 60% total nitrogen removal, and nearly 90% total phosphorus removal. Increasing the solids retention time (SRT) during the period of cold (∼12 °C) water temperatures helped maintain ammonia removal performance under low-DO conditions. However, both processes experienced poor solids settling characteristics during winter. While settling was recovered under warmer temperatures, improving settling quality remains a challenge under low-DO operation.
Journal Article