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"NYMPHS"
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Discovery of a novel Mediterranean Haemaphysalis (Ornithophysalis) doenitzi group tick species infesting Falco eleonorae on Antikythira Island, Greece
Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae Géné, 1839) is a well-known long-distance migrant of the Afro-Palaearctic flyway, a summer breeder of the Mediterranean region and North-west Africa and a winter resident of Madagascar and surrounding areas, thus characterized as a double endemic. Within the context of a long-term monitoring and conservation programme on Antikythira Island, Greece, which accommodates one of the largest concentrations of breeding pairs of Eleonora's falcons globally, birds were subjected to regular inspections for the presence of ticks from 2017 to 2023. In total, 104 adults and 149 nymphs (all belonging to Haemaphysalis genus) were collected. All ticks, apart from 2 nymphs, exhibited broadly salient palpi and did not possess the pronounced palpal segment 2 spurs or spur-like angles that are characteristic of adults, nymphs and most larvae of Rhipistoma, thus placed them in the Ornithophysalis subgenus. Following comprehensive morphological assessment and genetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome by means of next-generation sequencing of both adult and nymphal stages of the ticks, our empirical findings substantiate the delineation of a previously unclassified species. This taxonomic assignment situates the newly described species within the Ornithophysalis subgenus and the Haemaphysalis doenitzi group, marking its presence for the first time within the Western Palaearctic region.
Journal Article
Echo the copycat
In order to fit in at Mount Olympus Academy, new girl and forest-mountain nymph Echo copies the mannerisms of all the other students, but instead of ingratiating herself to her classmates, it only seems to grate on them.
Book
Influence of elevation on Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymph seasonality, abundance, and Borrelia infection prevalence in the Sierra Nevada foothills
The western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, is a significant public health concern due to its capacity to vector Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), the causative agent of Lyme disease. To determine the influence of elevation on the seasonality and abundance of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, we used a standardized flagging procedure to sample nymphs from rocks and logs at 16 sites during 2018 to 2020. We sampled a total of 4,720 rocks and logs during 168 surveillance events and collected 1,469 I. pacificus nymphs. Nymphal abundance was similar on rock and log substrates. Tick abundance and seasonality varied by elevation, with lower elevation sites exhibiting higher nymphal abundance and earlier seasonal activity. Nymphal activity started later and persisted longer into the summer months at higher elevation sites. Nymphal abundance on rocks and logs was not predictive of adult abundance the following year, as estimated by drag sampling for adult ticks along hiking trails within the nymph sampling areas. Overall, 4.9% and 1.4% of the tested nymphs were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and B. miyamotoi, respectively. We found no relationship between elevation and B. burgdorferi s.l. infection prevalence, although fewer nymphs were tested from higher elevation sites. These findings advanced our understanding of I. pacificus nymphal abundance and distribution and helped improve assessment of public health risks associated with tick exposure in the Sierra Nevada foothills.
Journal Article
The song of Aglaia
\"Aglaia is a simple sea nymph. One day, a Merman seduces Aglaia, forever altering her life's course. She is cast out of Oceanid by her chauvinistic father, forcing her to wander many days and nights, until one day she finds herself at the benefit of one Mr. Kite, whose traveling circus welcomes her (including the star attraction, a waltzing Horse named Henry) and once again alters her fate, sending her down many more unexpected paths. The Song of Aglaia is the first solo graphic novel by cartoonist Anne Simon, presenting a beautifully crafted female spin on the classic heroic myths of Greek literature, tracing the journey of a victimized and then almighty woman with a graceful understanding of human relationships and loving nods to the Bronte sisters, David Bowie, and the Beatles\"-- Amazon.com
Book
Synergy of Aggregation Pheromone with Methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-Decatrienoate in Attraction of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
The reported male-produced aggregation pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), identified as a mixture of (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, offers new opportunities for its management. We found that black pyramid traps deployed along crop borders in Maryland and West Virginia, containing lures with both stereoisomers of this reported aggregation pheromone combined with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate (MDT) lures, attracted more adult and nymphal H. halys than either the aggregation pheromone or MDT alone. In season-long totals, combined lures acted synergistically by catching 1.9–3.2 times more number of adults, and 1.4–2.5 times more number of nymphs, than expected from an additive effect of the lures deployed individually. There were no significant differences in patterns of male and female captures. MDT alone was not significantly attractive to adults during most of the growing season, but became increasingly attractive to adults and especially nymphs in autumn. Mixed-isomer lures containing eight stereoisomers of 10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol, including the two active stereoisomers, were as effective at catching adults and nymphs with or without MDT as were lures loaded only with the two active stereoisomers in the natural ratio ((3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol: (3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol) of 3.5:1. These results identify a combination of semiochemicals that is attractive season-long for detection, monitoring, and potential control of this polyphagous invasive pest of North America and Europe.
Journal Article
Factors Guiding the Orientation of Nymphal Spotted Lanternfly, ILycorma delicatula/I
The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), has recently emerged as a destructive invasive pest that is a great challenge to control. To develop and improve trapping, detection, and mitigation tools, it is crucial to understand what factors guide their behavior. Recent studies show that SLF aggregate, but the mechanisms driving aggregation behavior are poorly understood. This study evaluated the orientation behavior of SLF nymphs in the field when offered specific combinations of three factors: trees with different densities of SLF, tree size, and the presence of a semiochemical lure. When evaluated as a choice between two opposite characteristics while controlling for the two other factors, preferences were discernable, and all three factors were found to be attractive to SLF nymphs. Larger tree sizes and higher densities of SLF were highly attractive, and when forced to choose between them, only first instars revealed a preference for higher SLF density over larger-sized trees. When these two factors were controlled, methyl salicylate lures demonstrated four weeks of efficacy in the field but could not outcompete the draw of larger tree size or higher SLF density. A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted to evaluate the orientation of spotted lanternfly (SLF) Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) nymphs when released equidistant between two trees. The experiment was repeated weekly for eight weeks in a heavily infested area with mature tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) planted in rows as ornamental street trees in Beijing, China. One tree in each pair received a methyl salicylate lure, and the lure was rotated between trees every week as it aged. Two additional independent variables for each tree were also analyzed: size and SLF population density. Marked-released SLF significantly chose trees with higher SLF population density over trees with lower density populations, and they also chose larger trees significantly more than smaller trees. Population density and tree size were better predictors of attraction than lures, but when those factors were controlled, SLF significantly chose trees with methyl salicylate lures over control trees for the first 4 weeks of lure life. Wild SLF distribution was assessed weekly, revealing strong aggregation in first and second instars that diminished with development to the third and fourth instars. Thus, nymphal SLF aggregate, and orientation is strongly guided by the presence of other SLF and tree size.
Journal Article
Seasonal variation in prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southern Norway
Background
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato (s. l.) and
Neoehrlichia mikurensis
are the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria found in
Ixodes ricinus
in Norway. Here we evaluate the prevalence of both bacteria and the density of infected ticks, key factors to assess the human infection risk. The study was performed in one location in southern Norway.
Results
An overall prevalence of 12% for
B. burgdorferi
s. l. and 8% for
N. mikurensis
was found. The most prevalent
B. burgdorferi
s. l. genospecies was
Borrelia afzelii
, followed by
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu stricto and
Borrelia garinii.
The highest density of infected nymphs with
B. burgdorferi
s. l. was in May and the lowest was in November. In the case of
N. mikurensis
, the highest density of infected nymphs was found in September and the lowest in November.
B. burgdorferi
s. l. prevalence was negatively correlated with tick density.
Conclusions
Our results highlight the importance of assessing not only pathogen prevalences but also tick population densities. Extended periods of surveillance in questing ticks are necessary to understand the intricate dynamics of ticks and tick-borne pathogens.
Journal Article
Differences in Climbing Ability of Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
The climbing abilities of two bed bug species, Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus (F.), were determined by evaluating their escape rates from smooth surface pitfall traps using four commercial bed bug monitors (Verifi Bed Bug Detector, ClimbUp Insect Interceptor, BlackOut Bed Bug Detector, and SenSci Volcano Bed Bug Detector). All detectors were used in the absence of lures or attractants. Unlike C. lectularius, adult C. hemipterus were able to escape from all traps. On the other hand, no or a low number nymphs of both species escaped, depending on the evaluated traps. Examination of the vertical friction force of adults of both species revealed a higher vertical friction force in C. hemipterus than in C. lectularius. Scanning electron microscope micrograph observation on the tibial pad of adult bed bugs of C. hemipterus showed the presence of a greater number of tenent hairs on the tibial pad than on that of adult C. lectularius. No tibial pad was found on the fourth and fifth instars of both species. Near the base of the hollow tenent hairs is a glandular epithelium that is better developed in adult C. hemipterus than in adult C. lectularius. This study highlights significant morphological differences between C. lectularius and C. hemipterus, which may have implications in the monitoring and management of bed bug infestations.
Journal Article
Identification and expression analysis of cathepsin B genes in Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their response to environmental stresses
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a cysteine protease that is widely found in eukaryotes and plays a role in insect growth, development, digestion, metamorphosis, and immunity. In the present study, we examined the role of CTSB in response to environmental stresses in Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Six MpCTSB genes, namely MpCTSB-N, MpCTSB-16D1, MpCTSB-3098, MpCTSB-10270, MpCTSB-mp2 , and MpCTSB-16 , were identified and cloned from M. persicae . The putative proteins encoded by these genes contained three conserved active site residues, i.e. Cys, His, and Asn. A phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the six MpCTSB proteins of M. persicae were highly homologous to other Hemipteran insects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the MpCTSB genes were expressed at different stages of M. persicae and highly expressed in winged adults or first-instar nymphs. The expression of nearly all MpCTSB genes was significantly upregulated under different environmental stresses (38°C, 4°C, and ultraviolet-B). This study shows that MpCTSB plays an important role in the growth and development of M. persicae and its resistance to environmental stress.
Journal Article