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The utilization of polymer/metal organic framework (MOF) nanocomposites in various biomedical applications has been widely studied due to their unique properties that arise from MOFs or hybrid composite systems. This review focuses on the types of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in drug delivery and imaging applications. Initially, a comprehensive introduction to the synthesis and structure of MOFs and bio-MOFs is presented. Subsequently, the properties and the performance of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in these applications are examined, in relation to the approach applied for their synthesis: (i) non-covalent attachment, (ii) covalent attachment, (iii) polymer coordination to metal ions, (iv) MOF encapsulation in polymers, and (v) other strategies. A critical comparison and discussion of the effectiveness of polymer/MOF nanocomposites regarding their synthesis methods and their structural characteristics is presented.

Bacterial infections constitute a severe problem in various areas of everyday life, causing pain and death, and adding enormous costs to healthcare worldwide. Besides, they cause important concerns in other industries, such as cloth, food packaging, and biomedicine, among others. Despite the intensive efforts of academics and researchers, there is lack of a general solutions to restrict bacterial growth. Among the various approaches, the use of antibacterial nanomaterials is a very promising way to fight the microorganisms due to their high specific surface area and intrinsic or chemically incorporated antibacterial action. Graphene, a 2D carbon-based ultra-thin biocompatible nanomaterial with excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are highly suitable candidates for restricting microbial infections. However, the mechanisms of antimicrobial action, their cytotoxicity, and other issues remain unclear. This mini-review provides select examples on the leading advances in the development of antimicrobial nanocomposites incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and graphene or its derivatives, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the antibacterial properties of graphene-based nanomaterials.

Photosensitizers (PSs) have received significant attention recently in cancer treatment due to its theranostic capability for imaging and phototherapy. These PSs are highly responsive to light source of a suitable wavelength for image-guided cancer therapy from generated singlet oxygen and/or thermal heat. Various organic dye PSs show tremendous attenuation of tumor cells during cancer treatment. Among them, porphyrin and chlorophyll-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) dyes are employed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals generated with 400–700 nm laser lights, which have poor tissue penetration depth. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, other light sources such as red light laser and X-ray have been suggested; nonetheless, it is still a challenging task to improve the light penetration depth for deep tumor treatment. To overcome this deficiency, near infrared (NIR) (700–900 nm) PSs, indocyanine green (ICG), and its derivatives like IR780, IR806 and IR820, have been introduced for imaging and phototherapy. These NIR PSs have been used in various cancer treatment modality by combining photothermal therapy (PTT) and/or PDT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the use of different PSs showing photothermal/photodynamic response to UV-Vis or NIR-Vis light. The emphasis is a comprehensive review of recent smart design of PS-loaded nanocomposites for targeted delivery of PSs in light-activated combination cancer therapy.

Objective The purpose of this double-blind, randomised trial was to compare the clinical performance of a hybrid composite (Clearfil AP-X, Kuraray, Tokyo) and a nanocomposite (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) over a period of 2 years in non-carious class V lesions using a modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) system. Methods Forty-six patients with at least one pair of equivalent non-carious cervical lesions under occlusion and a mean age of 44.1 years (range 27–66 years; median 45 years) were enrolled in this study. A total of 116 restorations (58 with each material) were placed according to manufacturer's instructions by two calibrated operators. The restorations were evaluated at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24 months after placement using the USPHS criteria for retention, colour match, marginal discolouration, marginal adaptation, anatomic form, surface texture and secondary caries. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Cochran and the McNemar tests at a significance level of 5 % ( P  < 0.05). Results No surface texture changes or secondary caries were detected in association with any restorations. The retention rates for Clearfil AP-X (100 %) and for Filtek Z350 (91.38 %) did not differ significantly ( P  > 0.05). Two Z350 restorations were completely lost after 2 years. No significant differences were observed in the colour match, marginal discolouration, marginal adaptation or anatomic form. Conclusions There were no significant differences in the clinical performances between the materials. Clinical relevance Both restorative materials exhibited acceptable clinical performance in class V non-carious lesions 2 years post-restoration.

Current skin sensors or wound dressings fall short in addressing the complexities and challenges encountered in real‐world scenarios, lacking adequate capability to facilitate wound repair. The advancement of methodologies enabling early diagnosis, real‐time monitoring, and active regulation of drug delivery for timely comprehensive treatment holds paramount significance for complex chronic wounds. In this study, a nanocomposite hydrogel is devised for real‐time monitoring of wound condition and comprehensive treatment. Tannins and siRNA containing matrix metalloproteinase‐9 gene siRNA interference are self‐assembled to construct a degradable nanogel and modified with bovine serum albumin. The nanogel and pH indicator are encapsulated within a dual‐crosslinking hydrogel synthesized with norbornene dianhydride‐modified paramylon. The hydrogel exhibited excellent shape adaptability due to borate bonding, and the click polymerization reaction led to rapid in situ curing of the hydrogel. The system not only monitors pH, temperature, wound exudate alterations, and peristalsis during wound healing but also exhibits hemostatic, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, modulates macrophage polarization, and facilitates vascular tissue regeneration. This therapeutic approach, which integrates the monitoring of pathological parameters with comprehensive treatment, is anticipated to address the clinical issues and challenges associated with chronic diabetic wounds and infected wounds, offering broad prospects for application. A nanocomposite dual network hydrogel system is designed for real‐time monitoring of wound status and comprehensive therapy, enabling the surveillance of pH, temperature, alterations in wound exudate, and mobility, and dynamically regulating the microenvironment throughout the wound healing process, thereby fostering the recovery of infected wounds. This is anticipated to address the clinical issues and challenges associated with chronic diabetic wounds.

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections that have evolved via natural selection have increased alarmingly at a global level. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of novel antibiotics for the treatment of these infections. Functionalized carbon nanotubes through their unique properties hold great promise in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This new family of nanovectors for therapeutic delivery proved to be innovative and efficient for the transport and cellular translocation of therapeutic molecules. The current review examines the latest progress in the antibacterial activity of carbon nanotubes and their composites.

In this study, the main focus was on designing and synthesizing a novel magnetic nanobiocomposite and its application in hyperthermia cancer treatment. Regarding this aim, sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel with CaCl cross-linker formed and modified by silk fibroin (SF) natural polymer and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), followed by in situ Fe O magnetic nanoparticles preparation. No important differences were detected in red blood cells (RBCs) hemolysis, confirming the high blood compatibility of the treated erythrocytes with this nanobiocomposite. Moreover, the synthesized SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe O nanobiocomposite does not demonstrate toxicity toward HEK293T normal cell line after 48 and 72 h. The anticancer property of SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe O nanobiocomposites against breast cancer cell lines was corroborated. The magnetic saturation of the mentioned magnetic nanobiocomposite was 15.96 emu g . The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured to be 22.3 W g by applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This novel nanobiocomposite could perform efficiently in the magnetic fluid hyperthermia process, according to the obtained results.

Background Excessive oxidative stress at the wound sites always leads to a prolonged healing and even causes chronic inflammatory wounds. Therefore, antioxidative dressings with multiple features are desired to improve wound healing performance. Herein, we fabricated a ROS-scavenging hybrid hydrogel by incorporating mussel-inspired fullerene nanocomposites (C60@PDA) into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel. Results The developed C60@PDA/GelMA hydrogel showed a sustainable free radical scavenging ability, and eliminated ROS to protect cells against external oxidative stress damage. Besides, the hydrogel presented favorable cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and antibacterial ability in vitro. Furthermore, in a mouse full-thickness wound defect model, the in situ forming hybrid hydrogel accelerated wound closure by 38.5% and 42.9% on day 3 and day 7 over the control. Histological results demonstrated that hybrid hydrogels effectively enhanced wound healing on re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Conclusion Collectively, the C60@PDA/GelMA hydrogel could be a promising dressing for promoting cutaneous wound repair.

Across the planet, outbreaks of bacterial illnesses pose major health risks and raise concerns. Photodynamic, photothermal, and metal ion release effects of transition metal-based nanocomposites (TMNs) were recently shown to be highly effective in reducing bacterial resistance and upsurges in outbreaks. Surface plasmonic resonance, photonics, crystal structures, and optical properties of TMNs have been used to regulate metal ion release, produce oxidative stress, and generate heat for bactericidal applications. The superior properties of TMNs provide a chance to investigate and improve their antimicrobial actions, perhaps leading to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss three alternative antibacterial strategies based on TMNs of photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and metal ion release and their mechanistic actions. The scientific community has made significant efforts to address the safety, effectiveness, toxicity, and biocompatibility of these metallic nanostructures; significant achievements and trends have been highlighted in this review. The combination of therapies together has borne significant results to counter antimicrobial resistance (4-log reduction). These three antimicrobial pathways are separated into subcategories based on recent successes, highlighting potential needs and challenges in medical, environmental, and allied industries.

Diabetic wounds (DWs) are characterized by high blood glucose levels, and one of the primary strategies for regulating blood glucose is the use of glucose oxidase (GOx). This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to produce D-gluconic acid, consuming oxygen and generating hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the process. In DWs, this reaction not only effectively reduces glucose concentrations at the wound site but also provides an antibacterial effect through the release of H₂O₂. Based on this principle, combining glucose oxidase with other therapeutic approaches to develop multimodal wound treatment strategies has garnered significant research attention. Additionally, the abundance of binding sites on the GOx molecular surface enables the construction of multifunctional GOx-based nanocomposites. This review uniquely integrates emerging nanomaterial designs with cascade therapeutic strategies, offering insights into overcoming challenges in diabetic wound healing. Recently, multifunctional nanocomposites have gained attention for integrating multiple therapeutic modalities, relying on cascade mechanisms of multimodal synergistic therapies to tackle complex challenges in DWs treatment. However, there is currently no systematic review that comprehensively elaborates on the construction of these nanocomposites and the specific applications of multimodal treatment strategies in DWs healing. To fill this gap in the field, this review provides a comprehensive overview of these nanomaterials, starting with a systematic exploration of cascade and synergistic therapeutic mechanisms centered on GOx-catalyzed reactions. It highlights applications in photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and gas therapy (GT), summarizes the design of nanocarriers, and discusses challenges in DWs healing and future development directions. The findings discussed provide a pathway for the development of clinically viable, cost-effective therapies for chronic wounds.