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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity with a complex pathophysiology. Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance pose a substantial challenge for favorable cancer treatment. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles (1–100 nm) can be used to treat cancer due to their specific advantages such as biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, more excellent stability, enhanced permeability and retention effect, and precise targeting. Nanoparticles are classified into several main categories. The nanoparticle drug delivery system is particular and utilizes tumor and tumor environment characteristics. Nanoparticles not only solve the limitations of conventional cancer treatment but also overcome multidrug resistance. Additionally, as new multidrug resistance mechanisms are unraveled and studied, nanoparticles are being investigated more vigorously. Various therapeutic implications of nanoformulations have created brand new perspectives for cancer treatment. However, most of the research is limited to in vivo and in vitro studies, and the number of approved nanodrugs has not much amplified over the years. This review discusses numerous types of nanoparticles, targeting mechanisms, and approved nanotherapeutics for oncological implications in cancer treatment. Further, we also summarize the current perspective, advantages, and challenges in clinical translation.

HighlightsThe progression of MXene's oxidation stability, the techniques available to monitor the phenomenon as well as the variables that contribute to its oxidation rate are discussed.Comprehensive aspects of the oxidation process in various storage settings and the debated oxidation mechanism along with the most effective antioxidation strategies are addressed in conjunction with current challenges to the air stability of MXenes.MXenes are under the spotlight due to their versatile physicochemical characteristics. Since their discovery in 2011, significant advancements have been achieved in their synthesis and application sectors. However, the spontaneous oxidation of MXenes, which is critical to its processing and product lifespan, has gotten less attention due to its chemical complexity and poorly understood oxidation mechanism. This perspective focuses on the oxidation stability of MXenes and addresses the most recent advancements in understanding and the possible countermeasures to limit the spontaneous oxidation of MXenes. A section is dedicated to the presently accessible methods for monitoring oxidation, with a discussion on the debatable oxidation mechanism and coherently operating factors that contribute to the complexity of MXenes oxidation. The current potential solutions for mitigating MXenes oxidation and the existing challenges are also discussed with prospects to prolong MXene’s shelf-life storage and expand their application scope.

HighlightsThis article mainly summarizes the challenges and the latest research progress of highly reversible zinc anodes in mild aqueous zinc-ion batteries and proposes corresponding recommendations.The rapid advance of mild aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is driving the development of the energy storage system market. But the thorny issues of Zn anodes, mainly including dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion, severely reduce the performance of ZIBs. To commercialize ZIBs, researchers must overcome formidable challenges. Research about mild aqueous ZIBs is still developing. Various technical and scientific obstacles to designing Zn anodes with high stripping efficiency and long cycling life have not been resolved. Moreover, the performance of Zn anodes is a complex scientific issue determined by various parameters, most of which are often ignored, failing to achieve the maximum performance of the cell. This review proposes a comprehensive overview of existing Zn anode issues and the corresponding strategies, frontiers, and development trends to deeply comprehend the essence and inner connection of degradation mechanism and performance. First, the formation mechanism of dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and their influence on the anode are analyzed. Furthermore, various strategies for constructing stable Zn anodes are summarized and discussed in detail from multiple perspectives. These strategies are mainly divided into interface modification, structural anode, alloying anode, intercalation anode, liquid electrolyte, non-liquid electrolyte, separator design, and other strategies. Finally, research directions and prospects are put forward for Zn anodes. This contribution highlights the latest developments and provides new insights into the advanced Zn anode for future research.

Over the last couple of decades, the advancement in Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) devices is highly demanded for integrating the economically miniaturized sensors with fabricating technology. A sensor is a system that detects and responds to multiple physical inputs and converting them into analogue or digital forms. The sensor transforms these variations into a form which can be utilized as a marker to monitor the device variable. MEMS exhibits excellent feasibility in miniaturization sensors due to its small dimension, low power consumption, superior performance, and, batch-fabrication. This article presents the recent developments in standard actuation and sensing mechanisms that can serve MEMS-based devices, which is expected to revolutionize almost many product categories in the current era. The featured principles of actuating, sensing mechanisms and real-life applications have also been discussed. Proper understanding of the actuating and sensing mechanisms for the MEMS-based devices can play a vital role in effective selection for novel and complex application design.

HighlightsMultidiscipline application of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for intelligent Internet of Things (IoTs) are summarized from the aspects of agriculture, industry, city, emergency monitoring, and artificial intelligence.Perspectives on the challenges and future research directions of TENGs in IoTs have been proposed.In the era of 5G and the Internet of things (IoTs), various human–computer interaction systems based on the integration of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and IoTs technologies demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable and self-powered functional systems. The rapid development of intelligent applications of IoTs based on TENGs mainly relies on supplying the harvested mechanical energy from surroundings and implementing active sensing, which have greatly changed the way of human production and daily life. This review mainly introduced the TENG applications in multidiscipline scenarios of IoTs, including smart agriculture, smart industry, smart city, emergency monitoring, and machine learning-assisted artificial intelligence applications. The challenges and future research directions of TENG toward IoTs have also been proposed. The extensive developments and applications of TENG will push forward the IoTs into an energy autonomy fashion.

In this manuscript, recent progress in the area of resistive random access memory (RRAM) technology which is considered one of the most standout emerging memory technologies owing to its high speed, low cost, enhanced storage density, potential applications in various fields, and excellent scalability is comprehensively reviewed. First, a brief overview of the field of emerging memory technologies is provided. The material properties, resistance switching mechanism, and electrical characteristics of RRAM are discussed. Also, various issues such as endurance, retention, uniformity, and the effect of operating temperature and random telegraph noise (RTN) are elaborated. A discussion on multilevel cell (MLC) storage capability of RRAM, which is attractive for achieving increased storage density and low cost is presented. Different operation schemes to achieve reliable MLC operation along with their physical mechanisms have been provided. In addition, an elaborate description of switching methodologies and current voltage relationships for various popular RRAM models is covered in this work. The prospective applications of RRAM to various fields such as security, neuromorphic computing, and non-volatile logic systems are addressed briefly. The present review article concludes with the discussion on the challenges and future prospects of the RRAM.

HighlightsThis review systematically summarizes the source of electricity, the key choice of catalyst, and the potentiality of electrolyte for prospective hydrogen generation.Each section provides comprehensive overview, detailed comparison and obvious advantages in these system configurations.The problems of hydrogen generation from electrolytic water splitting and directions of next-generation green hydrogen in the future are discussed and outlooked.Green hydrogen from electrolysis of water has attracted widespread attention as a renewable power source. Among several hydrogen production methods, it has become the most promising technology. However, there is no large-scale renewable hydrogen production system currently that can compete with conventional fossil fuel hydrogen production. Renewable energy electrocatalytic water splitting is an ideal production technology with environmental cleanliness protection and good hydrogen purity, which meet the requirements of future development. This review summarizes and introduces the current status of hydrogen production by water splitting from three aspects: electricity, catalyst and electrolyte. In particular, the present situation and the latest progress of the key sources of power, catalytic materials and electrolyzers for electrocatalytic water splitting are introduced. Finally, the problems of hydrogen generation from electrolytic water splitting and directions of next-generation green hydrogen in the future are discussed and outlooked. It is expected that this review will have an important impact on the field of hydrogen production from water.

HighlightsThe electrochemical principles/mechanism of Li–S batteries and origin of the shuttle effect have been discussed.The efficient strategies have been summarized to inhibit the shuttle effect.The recent advances of inhibition of shuttle effect in Li–S batteries for all components from anode to cathode.Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are supposed to be one of the most potential next-generation batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. Nevertheless, the shuttle effect of firm multi-step two-electron reaction between sulfur and lithium in liquid electrolyte makes the capacity much smaller than the theoretical value. Many methods were proposed for inhibiting the shuttle effect of polysulfide, improving corresponding redox kinetics and enhancing the integral performance of Li–S batteries. Here, we will comprehensively and systematically summarize the strategies for inhibiting the shuttle effect from all components of Li–S batteries. First, the electrochemical principles/mechanism and origin of the shuttle effect are described in detail. Moreover, the efficient strategies, including boosting the sulfur conversion rate of sulfur, confining sulfur or lithium polysulfides (LPS) within cathode host, confining LPS in the shield layer, and preventing LPS from contacting the anode, will be discussed to suppress the shuttle effect. Then, recent advances in inhibition of shuttle effect in cathode, electrolyte, separator, and anode with the aforementioned strategies have been summarized to direct the further design of efficient materials for Li–S batteries. Finally, we present prospects for inhibition of the LPS shuttle and potential development directions in Li–S batteries.

HighlightsThe design and application of conductive biomaterials for wound healing are comprehensively reviewed, including versatile conductive agents, the various forms of conductive wound dressings, and different in vivo applications.Three main strategies of which conductive biomaterials realizing their applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering are discussed.The challenges and perspectives in designing multifunctional conductive biomaterials and further clinical translation are proposed. Conductive biomaterials based on conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, or conductive inorganic nanomaterials demonstrate great potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering, owing to the similar conductivity to human skin, good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, electrically controlled drug delivery, and photothermal effect. However, a review highlights the design and application of conductive biomaterials for wound healing and skin tissue engineering is lacking. In this review, the design and fabrication methods of conductive biomaterials with various structural forms including film, nanofiber, membrane, hydrogel, sponge, foam, and acellular dermal matrix for applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering and the corresponding mechanism in promoting the healing process were summarized. The approaches that conductive biomaterials realize their great value in healing wounds via three main strategies (electrotherapy, wound dressing, and wound assessment) were reviewed. The application of conductive biomaterials as wound dressing when facing different wounds including acute wound and chronic wound (infected wound and diabetic wound) and for wound monitoring is discussed in detail. The challenges and perspectives in designing and developing multifunctional conductive biomaterials are proposed as well.

Highlights Comprehensively reviewed the progress in research on graphene electrode-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) from two dimensions, including precision processing methods of graphene electrodes and applications of TENGs. Discussed the various applications of graphene electrode-based TENGs in different scenarios, as well as the ways in which graphene electrodes enhance the performance of TENGs. Offered a prospective discussion on the future development of graphene electrode-based TENGs, with the aim of promoting continuous advancements in this field. With the continuous development of wearable electronics, wireless sensor networks and other micro-electronic devices, there is an increasingly urgent need for miniature, flexible and efficient nanopower generation technology. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology can convert small mechanical energy into electricity, which is expected to address this problem. As the core component of TENG, the choice of electrode materials significantly affects its performance. Traditional metal electrode materials often suffer from problems such as durability, which limits the further application of TENG. Graphene, as a novel electrode material, shows excellent prospects for application in TENG owing to its unique structure and excellent electrical properties. This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress and application prospects of TENGs based on graphene electrodes. Various precision processing methods of graphene electrodes are introduced, and the applications of graphene electrode-based TENGs in various scenarios as well as the enhancement of graphene electrodes for TENG performance are discussed. In addition, the future development of graphene electrode-based TENGs is also prospectively discussed, aiming to promote the continuous advancement of graphene electrode-based TENGs.