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"National Basketball Association -- Management"
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The national basketball association
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is widely recognized as an entertaining and innovative league whose teams play regular season and postseason games in packed arenas at home and away sites in the United States and Canada. This book discusses the development, growth, and success of the 61-year-old NBA from a business perspective. Covering the late 1940s to 2009, it focuses on the league's expansions and mergers, team territories and relocations, franchise organizations and operations, basketball arenas and markets, and NBA domestic and international affairs. Readers will gain an insight into when, how, and why the NBA emerged, reformed, and gradually matured to become one of the world's most dominant, prosperous, and popular professional sports organizations today.
eBook
Measuring players’ importance in basketball using the generalized Shapley value
Measuring players’ importance in team sports to help coaches and staff with the aim of winning the game is gaining relevance, mainly because of the advent of new data and advanced technologies. In this paper we evaluate each player’s importance - for the first time in basketball - as his/her average marginal contribution to the utility of an ordered subset of players, through a generalized version of the Shapley value, where the value assumed by the generalized characteristic function of the generalized coalitional game is expressed in terms of the probability a certain lineup has to win the game. In turn, such probability is estimated by applying a logistic regression model in which the response is represented by the game outcome and the Dean’s factors are used as explanatory features. Then, we estimate the generalized Shapley values of the players, with associated bootstrap confidence intervals. A novelty, allowed by explicitly considering single lineups, is represented by the possibility of forming best lineups based on players’ estimated generalized Shapley values conditional on specific constraints, such as an injury or an “a-priori” coach’s decision. A comparison of our proposed approach with industry-standard counterparts shows a strong linear relation. We show the application of our proposed method to seventeen full NBA seasons (from 2004/2005 to 2020/21). We eventually estimate generalized Shapley values for Utah Jazz players and we show how our method is allowed to be used to form best lineups.
Journal Article
The 2020 NBA Orthobiologics Consensus Statement
This 2020 NBA Orthobiologics Consensus Statement provides a concise summary of available literature and practical clinical guidelines for team physicians and players. We recognize that orthobiologic injections are a generally safe treatment modality with a significant potential to reduce pain and expedite early return to play in specific musculoskeletal injuries. The use of orthobiologics in sports medicine to safely reduce time loss and reinjury is of considerable interest, especially as it relates to the potential effect on a professional athlete. While these novel substances have potential to enhance healing and regeneration of injured tissues, there is a lack of robust data to support their regular use at this time. There are no absolutes when considering the implementation of orthobiologics, and unbiased clinical judgment with an emphasis on player safety should always prevail. Current best evidence supports the following:
Key Points
There is support for the use of leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
There is support for consideration of using leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma for patellar tendinopathy.
The efficacy of using mesenchymal stromal cell injections in the management of joint and soft tissue injuries remains unproven at this time. There are very few data to suggest that current cell therapy treatments lead to any true functional tissue regeneration. Meticulous and sterile preparation guidelines must be followed to minimize the risk for infection and adverse events if these treatments are pursued.
Given the high variability in orthobiologic formulations, team physicians must stay up-to-date with the most recent peer-reviewed literature and orthobiologic preparation protocols for specific injuries.
Evidence-based treatment algorithms are necessary to identify the optimal orthobiologic formulations for specific tissues and injuries in athletes.
Changes in the regulatory environment and improved standardization are required given the exponential increase in utilization as novel techniques and substances are introduced into clinical practice.
Journal Article
Sports team success and managerial decisions: the role of playing-time concentration
PurposeProfessional sports teams employ highly paid managers and coaches to train players and make tactical and strategic team decisions. A large literature analyzes the impact of manager decisions on team outcomes. Empirical analysis of manager decisions requires a quantifiable proxy variable for manager decisions. Previous research focused on manager dismissals, tenure on teams, the number of substitutions made in games or the number of healthy players on rosters held out of games for rest, generally finding small positive impacts of manager decisions on team success.Design/methodology/approachThe authors quantify manager decisions by developing a novel measure of game-specific coaching decisions: the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) of playing-time across players on a team roster over the course of a season.FindingsEvidence from two-way fixed effects regression models explaining observed variation in National Basketball Association team winning percentage over the 1999–2000 to 2018–2019 seasons show a significant association between managers’ allocation of playing time and team success. A one standard deviation change in playing-time HHI that reflects a flattened distribution of player talent is associated with between one and two additional wins per season, holding the talent of players on the team roster constant. Heterogeneity exists in the impact across teams with different player talent.Originality/valueThis is one of the first papers to examine playing-time concentration in the NBA. The results are important for understanding how managerial decisions about resource allocation lead to sustained competitive advantage. Linking coaching decisions to wins can help teams to better promote this core product.
Journal Article
Salary Determination in the Presence of Fixed Revenues
The assumption that workers are paid their marginal product underlies the theory of competitive labor markets and is the basis for comparison with non-competitive markets. Many firms, however, generate revenue in fixed lump-sums that are unrelated to the efforts of current workers. For example, many professional sports receive substantial income from broadcast rights, which are negotiated at wide intervals. We develop a theory of compensation in the presence of “fixed revenue” and test our theory using data from the National Basketball Association. Our results indicate that TV revenue tends to equalize players’ salaries. Players’ performance and popularity tend to enhance players’ bargaining positions. Popularity with fans particularly helps players with greater bargaining power.
Journal Article
Mitigation of Perverse Incentives in Professional Sports Leagues with Reverse-Order Drafts
Efficacy of industry policy implementation is enhanced when governments expedite resolution of private sector uncertainty. This study reinforces the mechanism through which production outcomes improve, via program evaluation analysis from professional sports. An alternative determination rule for allocating picks in reverse-order drafts—fewest games played when eliminated from playoffs—is considered in comparison with the current standard (fewest wins at end-of-season). Elimination timing is estimated via Monte Carlo simulation. Using MLB and NBA data from 2005-2013, results from a quasi-natural experiment show that when a team's perverse incentive to underperform is effectively removed prior to its final game of the season, its subsequent performance improves significantly.
Journal Article
Competitive Balance in the NBA Playoffs
The uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis suggests that, subject to a rooting-interest constraint, fans prefer competitive sporting events with uncertain outcomes. In a logical extension of that preference, professional-sports leagues institute rules, such as reverse-order-of-finish drafts and salary caps, intended to help achieve competitive balance among their franchises. This article analyzes the results of the 34 National Basketball Association (NBA) playoffs held since 1984 to determine whether they reflect the competitive imbalance observed for regular-season play, relying on the entropy concept as a measure of uncertainty/information content to do so. It is shown that unlike regular-season competitive balance, playoff entropy has not systematically changed over time.
Journal Article
To Three or Not to Three?
Empirically estimating managerial performance is often quite challenging. Without accurate measurement of managerial output or value added it is difficult to usefully analyze the labor market for managers. This paper uses shot selection between two-point and three-point shots to develop a measure of managerial productivity in the National Basketball Association (NBA). We test whether our measure significantly impacts firm (team) output (wins) and whether this managerial productivity measure is significant in explaining labor market outcomes. We show that managerial performance does, in fact, positively impact team performance and also helps explain differences in managerial compensation.
Journal Article
The Role of Managers in Team Performance
The role of the manager in promoting production is a little-understood phenomenon. In particular, it is difficult to separate managers’ contributions from the abilities of the workers they supervise. Firms may therefore mistakenly attribute the contributions of the workers to the managers who happen to oversee them. With its plethora of performance data, the National Basketball Association (NBA) provides a natural setting to measure the contribution of a head coach to the performance of his team. We find that some highly regarded coaches deserve their accolades, but several coaches owe their success to managing highly talented teams. Conversely, some coaches with mediocre records have made significant contributions to the performance of their players. Most coaches, however, do not have a statistically significant impact on their players or their teams, making them nothing more than the “principal clerks” that Adam Smith called managers over 200 years ago.
Journal Article