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\"This book centres on four Portuguese artists' journeys between Portugal and Britain and aims at rethinking the cultural and artistic interactions in the post-war Europe, the shaping of new identities within a context of creative experimentalism and transnational dynamics and the artistic responses to political troubles. Leonor de Oliveira examines the contributions of the work of Paula Rego, Barto dos Santos, Joنao Cutileiro and Jorge Vieira, among other artists, to shape referential images of Portuguese identity that not only responded to the purpose of breaking with dominant iconographic and aesthetic representations but also incorporated a critical perspective on contemporaneity. This title will appeal to scholars interested in art history, Portuguese and European art, and the mid-20th century art scene\"-- Provided by publisher.

The history of twentieth-century Spanish nationalism is a complex one, placing a set of famously distinctive regional identities against a backdrop of religious conflict, separatist tensions, and the autocratic rule of Francisco Franco. And despite the undeniably political character of that story, cultural history can also provide essential insights into the subject. Metaphors of Spain brings together leading historians to examine Spanish nationalism through its diverse and complementary cultural artifacts, from \"formal\" representations such as the flag to music, bullfighting, and other more diffuse examples. Together they describe not a Spanish national \"essence,\" but a nationalism that is constantly evolving and accommodates multiple interpretations.

Well-studied in historiography, nineteenth-century debates on Portugal's decadence (\"decadência\") left a deep and long-lasting impression in this country's historical culture. The idea that Portugal had reached its apogee and was inexorably losing ground in the concert of other European peoples led its intellectuals to search in the past for elements capable of inspiring a national rebirth. Among the most sought epochs was the Middle Ages, revalued in the context of romantic culture. This article explores how the concept of national decadence was examined in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Portuguese medievalist discourses.

The history of twentieth-century Spanish nationalism is a complex one, placing a set of famously distinctive regional identities against a backdrop of religious conflict, separatist tensions, and the autocratic rule of Francisco Franco. And despite the undeniably political character of that story, cultural history can also provide essential insights into the subject.Metaphors of Spain brings together leading historians to examine Spanish nationalism through its diverse and complementary cultural artifacts, from \"formal\" representations such as the flag to music, bullfighting, and other more diffuse examples. Together they describe not a Spanish national \"essence,\" but a nationalism that is constantly evolving and accommodates multiple interpretations.

The origin of swidden systems is typically portrayed as a pre-colonial, pre-nationalist, and pre-developmentalist tradition, subsequently interrupted and eroded by colonial exploitation and post-colonial technoscience in favour of market agriculture. A recent counter-position to this 'anteriority model' presents swidden systems as reactionary 'refuge agriculture' in search of remote locations to circumvent state accountability (Scott 2009). A third model traces swidden agricultural processes as a 'dual economy' of both subsistence and commodity production. This article examines these approaches through a study of maize and rice in eastern (Portuguese) Timor, where a particular type of environmentally damaging swidden system and colonialism have been shown to be co-emergent. Accommodating new archival data and adding detail to the established position on Timor's agricultural history, it is proposed that the early twentieth century was an important phase in the extension and dominance of maize in Portuguese Timor; and while far-reaching modification to rice cultivation is generally associated with the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, it is shown that the early twentieth century was also a major developmental period for this grain. It is further suggested that dynamics of agricultural change have differed across the colonial divide between Portuguese and Dutch Timor. The article calls for more comparative research on the divided island of Timor.

Differences in natural endowments, in geographical conditions and in per capita income set up an historical bifurcation between northern states, with abundant renewable hydrological resources, and less well-endowed southern states. While the first embraced a model of electricity adding, with the embodiment of this form of energy in capital goods and intermediate goods, the second followed a path of electricity substitution, with mixed strategies of replacing inputs in established sectors of industry, public utilities, transport and private consumption. This article examines the different plans for and achievements of economic nationalism in the twentieth century and its consequences, discussing the possibility of reproducing in Portugal the pattern of the stimulus to industrial manufacturing of cheap electricity. Les différences dans l'héritage naturel, les conditions géographiques et le revenu par habitant ont engendré une bifurcation historique entre les pays nordiques pourvus de ressources hydrologiques abondantes et les pays du sud moins bien dotés: pendant que les premiers ont adopté un modèle d'augmentation de l'électricité, avec l'incarnation de cette énergie dans des biens en capital et des biens intermédiaires, les seconds ont suivi un chemin de la substitution de l'électricité, avec des stratégies mixtes pour remplacer l'apport énergétique dans des secteurs établis de l'industrie, des services publics, des transports et de la consommation personnelle. Cet article examine les différents plans pour le nationalisme économique et ses réalisations et conséquences dans le vingtième siècle, en discutant la possibilité de reproduire au Portugal le schéma d'un stimulus de l'électricité bon marché pour la manufacture industrielle. Die Unterschiede in der Ausstattung mit natürlichen Resourcen, den geographischen Bedingungen und des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens führten zur historischen Entwicklung eines zentralen Unterschieds zwischen den nordischen Ländern mit ergiebigen hydrologischen Ressourcen einerseits und den weniger gut ausgestatteten südlichen Ländern andererseits. Während erstere ein Modell des Elektrizitätsüberschusses ausprägten und die Energie in Kapital- und Zwischengütern umwandelten, verfolgten letztere einen Weg der Elektrizitätssubstitution, welche durch gemischte Strategien von Ersatzenergiezufuhr in etablierten Sektoren der Industrie, der öffentlichen Versorgungsbetriebe, des Transports und des Eigenkonsums charakterisiert war. Dieser Artikel untersucht die verschiedenen Pläne zum wirtschaftlichen Nationalismus und seine Errungenschaften und Konsequenzen im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, während er die Möglichkeit der Reproduktion des Schemas zum Ansporn für Billigelektrizität für die industrielle Manufaktur in Portugal diskutiert.