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"Natural gas Middle East."
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فوائد ومثالب انضمام فلسطين إلى منتدى غاز شرق المتوسط
وافقت الحكومة الفلسطينية برئاسة محمد اشتيه في جلستها الـ 63 بتاريخ 29/6/2020 على انضمام دولة فلسطين إلى ميثاق \"منتدى غاز شرق المتوسط\" ورفعته إلى الرئيس محمود عباس للمصادقة. فما هي فوائد هذا القرار وما هي مثالبه؟
Journal Article
The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East
During a period when established Western economies are treading water at best, industry and development are exploding in China and India. The world's two most populous nations are the biggest reasons for Asia's growing footprint on other global regions. The impact of that footprint is especially important in the Middle East, given that region's role as an economic and geopolitical linchpin.
eBook
Carbon footprint calculation in one of the largest Gas Refinery Companies in the Middle East
Rapid technological advances in the natural gas industry raised access to natural gas reserves, related to increased greenhouse gas emissions, including CO
2
and CH
4
. This study calculates greenhouse gas emissions (CO
2
and CH
4
) according to sources (direct and indirect) in one of the largest gas Refinery Companies in the Middle East to analyze the carbon footprint for the first time. All computational frameworks for estimating carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions (CO
2
and CH
4
) in different sectors were carried out after determining direct sources (combustion, processes, and fugitive) and indirect ones (import from National Grid’s electricity) according to the requirement guide and organizations’ report involved in the operational activities of the oil industry. The carbon footprint for this refinery, leading to the emission of CO
2
and CH
4
, is in the range of 1507.1 Gg CO
2
/yr and 0.003 Gg CH
4
/yr. The highest CO
2
emissions are related to the gas-sweetening unit from GHG direct emission sources, and the lowest CO
2
emissions are related to fugitive ones. For methane gas, the highest CH
4
emissions are related to fugitive emissions. In addition, the emission of CH
4
from the gas sweetening unit and waste combustion equipment is estimated to be very small and close to zero. This study showed that it is necessary to carry out more studies in different regions to give a more comprehensive insight into gas emissions and their adverse health effects on human populations.
Journal Article
Shale gas—the unfolding story
In the early 2000s US gas production was in slow but steady decline despite increasing drilling activity. As US natural gas prices rose in response to the resulting tight market, the only supply-side solution appeared to lie in the development of liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects in the Middle East and Africa for importation to the North American market. Almost unnoticed in its early stages, the US shale gas phenomenon gathered momentum from 2004 onwards through the combination and application of two proven technologies, namely horizontal drilling and pressure-induced hydraulic fracturing or 'fracking'. The pioneers of this approach were not the majors but the much smaller, domestically focused 'independent' upstream companies who, together with a well-established and adaptable service sector, instigated what is now commonly referred to as the 'shale gas boom' and which has increased US natural gas production to the point where only minimal imports of LNG are expected to be required for the foreseeable future. This paper looks at the genesis of the US shale gas industry, the intensive nature of its operations, and the factors which have underpinned its success to date. It also addresses the question of whether similar developments might be expected in Europe and what specific challenges would need to be overcome. In a world where increased LNG supply has created trade flow and price linkages between regional gas markets, the paper also examines the impact US shale production has had on other markets through the re-direction of LNG originally intended for the US market.
Journal Article
Impact of governance structures on environmental disclosures in the Middle East and Africa
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the impact of corporate governance structures on environmental disclosure practices in the Middle East and Africa (MEA).
Design/methodology/approach
The research model uses a panel data set of 121 publicly listed (non-financial and non-utility) firms from 11 MEA countries over the period 2010-2017, uses alternative dependent variables and regression techniques and is applied to various sub-groups to improve robustness.
Findings
The empirical results strongly indicate that MEA firms with high governance disclosures tend to have better environmental disclosure practices. The board characteristics of gender diversity, size, CEO/chairperson duality and audit committee size impact positively on MEA firms’ voluntary environmental disclosures, whereas board independence has a negative influence.
Research limitations/implications
This study advances research on the relationship between corporate governance structures and environmental disclosure practices in MEA countries, but is limited to firms for which data are available from Bloomberg.
Practical implications
The results have important practical implications for MEA policymakers and regulators. The positive impact of board gender diversity on firms’ environmental disclosures, policy reforms should aim to increase female directors. MEA corporations aiming to be more environmentally friendly should recruit women to top managerial positions.
Originality/value
This is thought to be the first study to provide insights from the efficiency and legitimation perspectives of neo-institutional theory to explain the relationship between MEA firms’ internal governance structures and environmental disclosures.
Journal Article
Oil and natural gas rents and CO 2 emissions nexus in MENA: spatial analysis
Oil rents (OR) and natural gas rents (NGR) have significant contributions to the income of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) economies and may increase emissions. Moreover, spatial autocorrelation is expected in carbon dioxide (CO
) emissions due to the geographically closed economies in the MENA region. Thus, we examine the impact of OR and NGR on CO
emissions caring spatial dimensions and analyze the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC).
We apply the spatial Durbin model technique on the effects of OR, NGR, and economic growth on CO
emissions in 17 MENA nations from 2000-2019,
., Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen. Moreover, diagnostic tests are applied to reach the most appropriate spatial specification and to have the most robust results.
The results disclose that CO
emissions have spillovers and emissions of any country can damage the environment of neighboring countries. The EKC is corroborated with a turning point of 38,698 constant 2015 US dollars. Israel and Qatar are in 2
phase of the EKC, and 15 MENA economies are in 1
stage. Thus, the economic expansion of most economies has ecological concerns. The effect of natural gas rents is found statistically insignificant. Oil rents have minute negative effects on emissions of local economies with an elasticity coefficient of -0.2117. Nevertheless, these have a positive indirect effect with an elasticity coefficient of 0.5328. Thus, the net effect of oil rents is positive. One percent increase in oil rents could accelerate 0.3211% of emissions. Thus, we suggest the MENA countries reduce reliance on oil rents in their income to avoid the negative environmental effects of the oil sector.
Journal Article
The association between solid fuel use for heating and cooking and low back pain and neck pain in middle-aged to elderly Chinese adults: a cross-sectional and panel data analysis
Objective
In low - and middle-income countries, a large number of people still use solid fuels, including crop residues such as biofuels/wood and coal, for heating and cooking. Compared with clean fuels(electric, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, marsh gas and solar), solid fuels can cause numerous health hazards. There is limited evidence suggesting that the use of solid fuel is associated with self-perceived low back pain (LBP) and neck pain (NP). This study aimed to analyze the association between household solid fuel use and the risk of LBP and NP in middle aged and elderly adults.
Methods
We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study for five cross-sectional and ten panel analyses. Multivariable logistic regression model and generalized estimation equation were used to elucidate the relationship between solid fuel and the number of solid fuels used and two pains(LBP and NP). Moreover, the effect of fuel type conversion on LBP and NP is also done.
Results
The results indicate that users of solid fuels, particularly those using solid cooking fuels, may have a higher risk of LBP(OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05–1.22 for 2011–2020) and NP(OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.13–1.31 for 2018–2020). The use of solid fuels for heating also raises the risk of LBP(OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06–1.24 for 2011–2020) and NP(OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22–1.46 for 2015–2020). Compared to complete clean fuel users, both mixed fuel and complete solid fuel users face a greater risk for LBP (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17–1.43 for complete solid fuel users) and NP(OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.22–1.55 for complete solid fuel users). Additionally, persistent solid fuel users and those who switch fuel types exhibit higher risks of LBP (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.20–1.47 for persistent solid fuel heating; OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.26–1.54 for persistent solid fuel cooking) and NP (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.20–1.59 for persistent solid fuel heating; OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17–1.54 for persistent solid fuel cooking) than persistent clean fuel users.
Conclusion
Long-term exposure to household solid fuels is associated with a higher risk of LBP and NP. It is suggested that multiple departments cooperate to increase the global use of clean energy and thereby reduce the risk of LBP and NP among middle-aged and elderly people.
Journal Article
A Review of the 21st Century Challenges in the Food-Energy-Water Security in the Middle East
Developing countries have experienced significant challenges in meeting their needs for food, energy, and water security. This paper presents a country-level review of the current issues associated with Food-Energy-Water (FEW) security in the Middle East. In this study, sixteen countries in the Middle East are studied, namely Iraq, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Turkey, and the Arabian Peninsula (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (KSA), United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Yemen). Here, we conduct a comprehensive assessment to study and evaluate the emerging drivers of FEW systems in the region. The investigated drivers include water security, extreme events, economic growth, urbanization, population growth, poverty, and political stability. The results suggest that most of the studied countries are facing FEW resource insecurity or weak planning/management strategies. Our evaluation further revealed the current status of each country with respect to each factor, and suggested that climatic and socioeconomic factors have contributed to the subsequent stress on FEW resources, specifically on the water sector. In general, and with respect to the water-energy security, it was found that energy production in the Middle East is highly constrained by water deficiency, drought, and/or economic growth. The water-food security in the region is mainly affected by drought, water scarcity, population growth, urbanization, and/or political unrest.
Journal Article