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The objective of this paper is to review the current status of ship routing and scheduling. We focus on literature published during the last decade. Because routing and scheduling problems are closely related to many other fleet planning problems, we have divided this review into several parts. We start at the strategic fleet planning level and discuss the design of fleets and sea transport systems. We continue with the tactical and operational fleet planning level and consider problems that comprise various ship routing and scheduling aspects. Here, we separately discuss the different modes of operations: industrial, tramp, and liner shipping. Finally, we take a glimpse at naval applications and other related problems that do not naturally fall into these categories. The paper also presents some perspectives regarding future developments and use of optimization-based decision-support systems for ship routing and scheduling. Several of the trends indicate both accelerating needs for and benefits from such systems and, hopefully, this paper will stimulate further research in this area.

The unpleasant events on the Moldovan front would be repeated on a different scale in other areas, where Soviet troops of the II-nd and III-rd Ukrainian Fronts would make their presence known. The Red Army would continue the series of disarmament and internment of the Romanian troops in Transylvania, Banat, Muntenia and Dobrogea, but on a slightly lower scale than in Moldova.

A popular cigarette advertisement from the 1960s exclaimed, \"You've come a long way, Baby!\" That sentiment could be applied to Naval Oceanography. The US Navy has navigated the course of developing prediction technology over many fundamental shifts in global geopolitics while addressing the evolving challenges at the forefront of the oceanography mission to ensure the safety of the nation's armed forces. Originally motivated by Soviet-era submarine programs, accurate acoustic prediction necessitated forecasting the positions of ocean fronts and eddies. Since then, the scope of Naval Oceanography has expanded to encompass a littoral focus, including applications that assist Navy SEa Air and Land (SEAL) teams, amphibious vehicle landings, and mine warfare. The fundamental physics governing the universe remains unchanged and so has the Navy's need to understand ocean physics, build numerical representations, connect to data streams, and assimilate observations in order to provide forecasts addressing the challenges of today and tomorrow.

Maritime predation in the Caribbean experienced an important transition during the mid-seventeenth century, in which Jamaica played an unexpected role. Initially, seaborne raiding against Spanish targets originated in Europe, relying lightly if at all on local resources, whether material or human; raids arising in the West Indies region itself were a later phenomenon, one that was dependent on a growing resident population of Europeans and the creation of a pool of potential pirates. Scholars have assumed that local communities of raiders existed from the arrival of the first Europeans, making it plausible that the commander of the English forces on Jamaica could write to buccaneers on Tortuga in the 1650s to invite them to move their base of operations to that newly conquered island. That he did not do so, and indeed could not have done so, becomes clear with a closer examination of the relevant sources. This article offers a new interpretation of the rise of Caribbean piracy, one grounded in the material conditions necessary to sustain such activities.

This paper investigates a novel quantitative approach for planning and contracting performance-based logistics in the presence of uncertain system usage. Our efforts focus on an integrated service delivery environment where the manufacturer develops capital-intensive systems and also provides after-sales support. We propose an analytical model to characterize system operational availability by comprehending five performance drivers: inherent failure rate, usage rate, spare parts inventory, repair time, and the fleet size. This analytical insight into the system performance allows the service supplier to minimize the total cost across system design, production, maintenance, and repair. Two contracting schemes are investigated under cost minimization and profit maximization schemes. For the first time in literature, reliability design and service parts logistics are seamlessly integrated into one decision support model for improving operational availability while lowering the lifecycle cost. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed decision support tool.

Marine scientists are confronting declining budgets and a shrinking research fleet as torrents of data from new technologies remake their field. Two cultural shifts are simultaneously shaking the foundations of oceanography in the United States—and fueling a debate about the future direction of a fast-changing field. Fewer scientists are going to sea as a result of a shrinking science fleet, flat budgets, and skyrocketing costs. At the same time, oceanographers are using a growing array of high-tech devices—from satellites and gliders to vast networks of sensors tethered to the sea floor—to remotely collect more data than ever before without getting wet.

The recent conservation and reinstallation of the Nike of Samothrace, the restudy of its archaeological context and petrology, the collapse of the consensus that it celebrated the Rhodian naval victories at Side and Myonessos in 190 B.C.E., and the growing accord among naval historians that its ship is not a trihēmiolia together prompt a reexamination of its date and purpose. Fortunately, the monument offers three significant clues, all previously overlooked or underappreciated. First, why was it dedicated on the remote island of Samothrace, and not, for example, on independent Delos? Second, although ancient galleys could not fight in gales and never did, why is it battling one? And third, why is its ship made of imported Rhodian marble and probably a quadrireme, a vessel superseded elsewhere by the quinquereme but still favored by the Rhodians? The Great Gods’ rescue of pious initiates from storms at sea and second-century B.C.E. naval history point to one occasion in particular: Prousias II of Bithynia’s abortive invasion of Pergamon in 155, his impious assaults on the sanctuaries en route, his fleet’s sudden destruction by a storm, and the Rhodian contribution of five quadriremes to Attalos II’s successful naval counteroffensive in 154. Additional figures can be found under this article’s abstract on AJA Online.

Following World War I, the USN fleet was outdated and undersized, but a time of naval resurgence began in 1933, adding modern ships to the U.S. fleet and revitalizing the American shipbuilding industry. In many ways, this period mirrors the post–Cold War state of the fleet, but the principal actors vary greatly in their level of coordination and commitment to building the Navy the nation needs.