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Weaving interviews with leading experts on animal behaviour with the groundbreaking discoveries of neuroscientists, Barrie shines a light on the astounding skills of animals of every stripe. Dung beetles that steer by the light of the Milky Way. Ants and bees that navigate using patterns of light invisible to humans. Sea turtles, spiny lobsters and moths that find their way using the Earth's magnetic field. Salmon that return to their birthplace by following their noses. And there are some fascinating mysteries that remain to be solved. Incredible journeys reveals the wonders of the animal world in a whole new light.

Patient navigation is a strategy for overcoming barriers to reduce disparities and to improve access and outcomes. The aim of this umbrella review was to identify, critically appraise, synthesize, and present the best available evidence to inform policy and planning regarding patient navigation across the cancer continuum. Systematic reviews examining navigation in cancer care were identified in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Epistemonikos, and Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) databases and in the gray literature from January 1, 2012, to April 19, 2022. Data were screened, extracted, and appraised independently by two authors. The JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic Review and Research Syntheses was used for quality appraisal. Emerging literature up to May 25, 2022, was also explored to capture primary research published beyond the coverage of included systematic reviews. Of the 2062 unique records identified, 61 systematic reviews were included. Fifty-four reviews were quantitative or mixed-methods reviews, reporting on the effectiveness of cancer patient navigation, including 12 reviews reporting costs or cost-effectiveness outcomes. Seven qualitative reviews explored navigation needs, barriers, and experiences. In addition, 53 primary studies published since 2021 were included. Patient navigation is effective in improving participation in cancer screening and reducing the time from screening to diagnosis and from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Emerging evidence suggests that patient navigation improves quality of life and patient satisfaction with care in the survivorship phase and reduces hospital readmission in the active treatment and survivorship care phases. Palliative care data were extremely limited. Economic evaluations from the United States suggest the potential cost-effectiveness of navigation in screening programs.

Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent circuit dynamics in a brain region called the central complex (CX) enable directed locomotion, sleep, and context- and experience-dependent spatial navigation. We describe the first complete electron microscopy-based connectome of the Drosophila CX, including all its neurons and circuits at synaptic resolution. We identified new CX neuron types, novel sensory and motor pathways, and network motifs that likely enable the CX to extract the fly’s head direction, maintain it with attractor dynamics, and combine it with other sensorimotor information to perform vector-based navigational computations. We also identified numerous pathways that may facilitate the selection of CX-driven behavioral patterns by context and internal state. The CX connectome provides a comprehensive blueprint necessary for a detailed understanding of network dynamics underlying sleep, flexible navigation, and state-dependent action selection.

Animals often travel in groups, and their navigational decisions can be influenced by social interactions. Both theory and empirical observations suggest that such collective navigation can result in individuals improving their ability to find their way and could be one of the key benefits of sociality for these species. Here, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms underlying collective navigation, review the known, and supposed, empirical evidence for such behaviour and highlight interesting directions for future research. We further explore how both social and collective learning during group navigation could lead to the accumulation of knowledge at the population level, resulting in the emergence of migratory culture. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

The cultural and geographical properties of the environment have been shown to deeply influence cognition and mental health 1 – 6 . Living near green spaces has been found to be strongly beneficial 7 – 11 , and urban residence has been associated with a higher risk of some psychiatric disorders 12 – 14 —although some studies suggest that dense socioeconomic networks found in larger cities provide a buffer against depression 15 . However, how the environment in which one grew up affects later cognitive abilities remains poorly understood. Here we used a cognitive task embedded in a video game 16 to measure non-verbal spatial navigation ability in 397,162 people from 38 countries across the world. Overall, we found that people who grew up outside cities were better at navigation. More specifically, people were better at navigating in environments that were topologically similar to where they grew up. Growing up in cities with a low street network entropy (for example, Chicago) led to better results at video game levels with a regular layout, whereas growing up outside cities or in cities with a higher street network entropy (for example, Prague) led to better results at more entropic video game levels. This provides evidence of the effect of the environment on human cognition on a global scale, and highlights the importance of urban design in human cognition and brain function. An analysis of spatial navigation in nearly 400,000 people shows, by measuring their performance in a video game, that individuals who grew up outside cities are better at navigation than those who grew up in cities.

Ever since Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps in the 1940s, the question of how spatial representations support flexible behavior has been a contentious topic. Bellmund et al. review and combine concepts from cognitive science and philosophy with findings from neurophysiology of spatial navigation in rodents to propose a framework for cognitive neuroscience. They argue that spatial-processing principles in the hippocampalentorhinal region provide a geometric code to map information domains of cognitive spaces for high-level cognition and discuss recent evidence for this proposal. Science , this issue p. eaat6766 The hippocampal formation has long been suggested to underlie both memory formation and spatial navigation. We discuss how neural mechanisms identified in spatial navigation research operate across information domains to support a wide spectrum of cognitive functions. In our framework, place and grid cell population codes provide a representational format to map variable dimensions of cognitive spaces. This highly dynamic mapping system enables rapid reorganization of codes through remapping between orthogonal representations across behavioral contexts, yielding a multitude of stable cognitive spaces at different resolutions and hierarchical levels. Action sequences result in trajectories through cognitive space, which can be simulated via sequential coding in the hippocampus. In this way, the spatial representational format of the hippocampal formation has the capacity to support flexible cognition and behavior.

Three neonicotinoids, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiacloprid, agonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the central brain of insects, were applied at non-lethal doses in order to test their effects on honeybee navigation. A catch-and-release experimental design was applied in which feeder trained bees were caught when arriving at the feeder, treated with one of the neonicotinoids, and released 1.5 hours later at a remote site. The flight paths of individual bees were tracked with harmonic radar. The initial flight phase controlled by the recently acquired navigation memory (vector memory) was less compromised than the second phase that leads the animal back to the hive (homing flight). The rate of successful return was significantly lower in treated bees, the probability of a correct turn at a salient landscape structure was reduced, and less directed flights during homing flights were performed. Since the homing phase in catch-and-release experiments documents the ability of a foraging honeybee to activate a remote memory acquired during its exploratory orientation flights, we conclude that non-lethal doses of the three neonicotinoids tested either block the retrieval of exploratory navigation memory or alter this form of navigation memory. These findings are discussed in the context of the application of neonicotinoids in plant protection.

Supporting information Body weights of individual mice before and after photothrombosis (PT) or sham operation. Showing 1/3: pone.0235527.s001.pdf Skip to figshare navigation Body weights (g) animal n. pre d1 animal n. pre d2 animal n. pre d7 61 24.7 23.7 67 25.2 23.2 76 26.5 25.8 62 25.7 23.7 68 25.4 22.2 77 25.8 27.7 63 26.4 25.2 69 25.4 23 78 25.8 24.9 64 25.8 24.1 70 24.3 22.3 109 25.1 25.2 65 25.2 24.4 92 24.2 23.9 110 26.4 25.9 94 25.2 24 93 25.7 25.1 111 26 25.9 98 24.8 23.5 100 25.7 24.9 112 24.6 25.8 99 23.8 22.9 101 26.3 24.9 113 24.7 25 animal n. pre d2 animal n. pre d7 102 26.3 25.4 107 25.5 26.6 103 26.3 25.2 108 25.3 26 104 27.2 25.2 105 25.2 24.9 106 25.5 24.7 PT 24 hours PT 7 days PT 48 hours Sham 48 hours Sham 7 days Body weights (g ) animal n. pre d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13 d14 1 22.9 21.9 23.4 23.2 23.8 22.8 23.8 23.6 24 23.5 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.8 23.9 6 20.8 21.6 21.9 22 22.2 20.9 21.5 21.8 21.5 21.6 21.8 21.4 22 22.6 22.2 15 23.8 23.3 23 23.3 23.1 23.2 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.5 23.6 23.6 24.1 24.7 24.7 21 22.6 21.5 21.9 21.3 21.7 21.8 22 21.4 22 21.7 21.7 22.1 22.1 22.4 21.9 38 24.1 22.9 22.5 23.1 23.3 23.6 23.1 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.8 23.8 23.6 23.4 23.3 43 24.1 22.4 21.9 22.4 22.7 22.8 23.8 22.5 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.6 24.2 24.2 23.2 48 24.5 22.6 21.8 21.7 21.4 22.8 22.5 22.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 25 25.1 24.8 24 60 27.6 25.3 24.9 26 26.5 26.9 27.6 27.3 27.3 27.5 27.5 27.7 27.7 27.7 79 26.1 25.4 25.1 25.7 26.2 26.6 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.3 27.1 27.4 28.1 28.5 27.8 83 24 22.4 21.7 21.8 22.3 22.4 22.6 22.6 23.5 23.6 23.6 24 24.4 24.5 23.6 122 21.8 19.7 19.7 20 20.2 20.6 20.6 20.2 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.2 136 22.1 20.8 20.7 21.2 21.3 22 21.8 22.2 22.5 22.1 22.1 22.2 22.4 22 21.8 138 22.6 21.2 21.1 21.5 21.6 22.1 21.7 22.2 22.2 22 21.8 22 22.1 22.4 22.1 147 23.1 21.7 21.7 22.4 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.6 23.7 23.7 23.3 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.2 155 24 22.3 21.9 22.5 23 23 23.4 22.8 23.3 23.8 24.2 24.6 24.2 24.3 23.3 157 26.2 24.9 24.5 25 25 25.6 25.6 25.1 26 26.2 26 25.6 25.2 25.9 25.1 162 26.3 25 24.3 24.5 24.7 25 25 25.1 25.9 25.5 25.3 24.9 25 25.1 24.3 animal n. pre d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13 d14 10 23 23.7 23.8 24.2 23.7 23.8 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 23.5 24 24.2 24 24.4 54 24.4 24.2 23.6 23.8 24.2 24.6 24.4 23.6 24.7 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.7 24.9 56 26.3 25.7 25.8 26 26.1 26.2 26.9 26.6 26.8 27.2 26.8 27.7 28 27.2 88 24.5 22.8 22.3 22.6 23.2 24.1 24.1 23.9 24.6 23.9 24.2 24.7 24.6 24.9 23.7 135 22.8 21.5 21.6 21.5 21.5 22.3 23 22.8 23 22.8 22.3 22.5 23 22.7 22.6 139 23.3 22.6 22.6 23 23.3 23 23.2 22.5 22.9 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.6 23.8 23.2 PT 14 days Sham 14 days 1 / 3 Share Download figshare Body weights of individual mice before and after photothrombosis (PT) or sham operation. Body weights of individual mice before and after photothrombosis (PT) or sham operation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235527.s001 (PDF) S2 File.