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Managing Maritime Safety
\"Shipping is a pillar of global trade, with 90% of the world's trade in goods and raw materials carried by ship. Despite the economic benefits this delivers, maritime operations can be dangerous, and when accidents occur the consequences are serious. Consequential outcomes from hazards at sea include loss of cargo, destruction of the marine environment, serious injuries, deaths and material damage. Managing Maritime Safety will give you a thorough understanding of contemporary maritime safety and its management. It provides varying viewpoints on traditional safety topics in conjunction with critical discussions of the international safety management code and its application. The book also offers new perspectives on maritime safety such as ship and equipment design for safety and the relevance of safety management systems, in particular the application of the International Safety Management code to remote controlled or autonomous ships. The authors all work in the maritime industry, as practitioners, in education, research, government and classification. The combination of wide-ranging and extensive experience provides an unprecedented span of views with a strong connection to the real issues in the maritime domain. This book sets out to provide much needed consolidated knowledge for university level students on maritime safety management, incorporating theoretical, historical, research, operational and design perspectives.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Navigation Risk Assessment of Autonomous Ships Based on Entropy–TOPSIS–Coupling Coordination Model
An autonomous ship refers to a ship that achieves autonomous operation in ship navigation, management, maintenance, cargo transportation and other aspects. Due to the uncertainty in the risks posed by autonomous ship navigation, its risk assessment attracts great attention from researchers. By analyzing the historical accident statistics, this paper gives a comprehensive analysis from the perspective of “Man-Ship-Environment-Management”. In addition, a quantitative evaluation method based on the Entropy–TOPSIS–Coupling coordination model is proposed, which presents a comprehensive assessment of the risks of autonomous ship navigation safety. Furthermore, scientific forecasts and suggestions for improvement are put forward according to the evaluation results.
Journal Article
A Novel Data-Driven Prediction Framework for Ship Navigation Accidents in the Arctic Region
Arctic navigation faces numerous challenges, including uncertain ice conditions, rapid weather changes, limited communication capabilities, and lack of search and rescue infrastructure, all of which increase the risks involved. According to an Arctic Council statistical report, a remarkable 2638 maritime accidents were recorded in Arctic waters between 2005 and 2017, showing a fluctuating upward trend. This study collected and analyzed ship accident data in Arctic waters to identify the various accident scenarios and primary risk factors that impact Arctic navigation safety. By utilizing data-driven algorithms, a model for predicting ship navigation accidents in Arctic waters was constructed, providing an in-depth understanding of the risk factors that make accidents more likely. The research findings are of practical significance for enhancing quantitative risk assessment, specifically focusing on the navigational risks in Arctic waters. The results of this study can assist maritime authorities and shipping companies in conducting risk analysis and implementing accident prevention measures for safe navigation in Arctic waters.
Journal Article
The Impact of Container Ship Trim on Fuel Consumption and Navigation Safety
Fuel consumption, fuel cost savings, environmental pollution, and navigation safety are significant factors for shipping companies. Maritime transport represents 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions globally. Trim optimization is one of the ways to save energy and reduce ship emissions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate how the optimization of the trim of container ships at different speeds can decrease exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption while considering the safety of navigation. This research was conducted by calculating the fuel consumption in real conditions and calculating the optimal trim for different speeds and gases of a container ship of 11,400 TEU. All obtained results were statistically processed to analyze fuel consumption at various speeds, considering the ship’s trim. It turns out that savings should never be at the expense of navigation safety, especially in limited maneuvering areas, such as canals. When maneuvering in such places it is necessary to adjust the trim to ensure navigation safety, i.e., to improve the rudder and propulsion device response, instead of reducing fuel consumption
Journal Article
The influence of landfast ice on the navigation in the Arctic Northeast Passage
Landfast ice is one of the most important factors that affect the navigation safety of Arctic Northeast and Northwest Passages but usually is treated as drift ice in previous studies. This study focused on the situation of landfast ice in four key traits of the Arctic Northeast Passage from 2007 to 2021 and calculated the navigational windows for different ice-class vessels in the influence of landfast ice. The results show that the extent of landfast ice in these straits generally reaches its maximum from March to June, and decreases to a minimum or even disappears in July and August. The proportion of landfast ice extent in the four straits is quite different, such as Bering Strait (1.3%), De Long Strait (3.6%), Dmitry Laptev and Sannikov Strait (DLS Strait) (53.5%), and Vilkitsky Strait (27.8%). The average navigational windows range from 27 weeks (Bering Strait) to 8 weeks (Vilkitsky Strait) per year, and the Bering Strait showed the smallest increase trend (0.20 weeks per year), while the Vilkitsky Strait experienced the largest increase trend (0.62 weeks per year). The increasing navigational windows in the key straits are beneficial for future commercial and scientific expeditions of polar vessels in the Northeast Passage.
Journal Article
Causality of Risk Assessment Attributes under Uncertainty in Taiwan’s Offshore Wind Farms Development
This study contributes to investigating the causality of risk assessment attributes under uncertainty for the offshore wind farms development in Taiwan. The investigation of risk assessment attributes for the offshore wind farms development has increasingly attracted more notice as multifaceted challenges from socioeconomic, safety, and environmental perspectives emerged. Yet, the literature is lacking a multi-perspective viewpoint of the determining attributes and an examination of the attributes’ interrelationships using qualitative information. To fill this gap, this study aims to identify the valid attributes based on the multi-perspectives of feasibility, environment, economic, and safety risks, and investigate the attributes’ interrelationships. Thus, this study employs the fuzzy Delphi method to obtain valid risk assessment attributes and adopts a fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method to examine the attributes’ interrelationships while identifying the multi-perspective-based crucial attributes. The results indicate that human safety, impact on marine environment, and navigation safety are crucial risk aspects to be assessed. From the practical point of view, this study found that safety of ship crews and passengers, safety of maintenance crews, local fishery industry, public trust in environmental regulations, and change of income for fishermen are the important risk criteria to be prioritized when developing offshore wind farms.
Journal Article
A Technical Analysis Regarding the Use of Autonomous Ships in the Black Sea Basin
Over the last few years, ships that can operate with little or no crew have moved from a bold concept into something that may soon become reality. The Black Sea is a challenging yet interesting place to observe how such vessels operate, as it has busy routes, unpredictable weather, and occasionally security issues. In this paper, we share our approach to examining the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) for cargo transportation between Europe and Asia. We followed the discussions at International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding MASS and also examined new environmental rules, such as those from the European Green Deal. To make it more concrete, we used the Romanian training ship Albatros as an example. Using normal wind and sea data, we attempted to estimate the amount of energy that could be saved, the reduction in fuel and emissions, and the improvement in navigation safety that could result from fewer people being exposed to risk. By combining numbers with real-world context, we provide, hopefully, a down-to-earth view of what autonomous shipping might mean for the Black Sea.
Journal Article
Hydrodynamic Response of a Shallow Mesotidal Estuary to the Artificial Shifting of a Two-Jettied Inlet
Mazzolari, A., and Trigo-Teixeira, A., 2024. Hydrodynamic response of a shallow mesotidal estuary to the artificial shifting of a two-jettied inlet. In: Phillips, M.R.; Al-Naemi, S., and Duarte, C.M. (eds.), Coastlines under Global Change: Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2024 (Doha, Qatar). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 113, pp. 504-508. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. This study investigates the hydrodynamic effects of shifting the position of an inlet and navigation channel on the tidal circulation of a mesotidal estuary. The case study is represented by the Cávado estuary located on the Northern Portuguese coast, delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by an erosion-prone sand spit. At present, the shallow and migrating bed forms of the inlet do not allow safe navigation, while storm waves entering the low estuary frequently flood the waterfront promenade. This paper analyzes an alternative estuary configuration, characterized by the opening of a two-jettied inlet southward of the present position, the shortening of the navigation channel length, and the filling of the Cávado natural river mouth. The comparison of the tidal hydrodynamics between the present and new estuary configurations is carried out by means of a two-dimensional shallow water model. In the new configuration, the tidal wave has a bigger amplitude and travels less distorted along the navigation channel, as a consequence of the deeper depths, while the differences in duration between ebb and flood phases decrease with respect to the present configuration. Water volume exchanges with the Ocean show a limited variation, as the higher ebb tide fluxes calculated for the new configuration are counterbalanced by a shorter ebb phase duration.
Journal Article
A lightweight ship target detection model based on improved YOLOv5s algorithm
Real-time and accurate detection of ships plays a vital role in ensuring navigation safety and ship supervision. Aiming at the problems of large parameters, large computation quantity, poor real-time performance, and high requirements for memory and computing power of the current ship detection model, this paper proposes a ship target detection algorithm MC-YOLOv5s based on YOLOv5s. First, the MobileNetV3-Small lightweight network is used to replace the original feature extraction backbone network of YOLOv5s to improve the detection speed of the algorithm. And then, a more efficient CNeB is designed based on the ConvNeXt-Block module of the ConvNeXt network to replace the original feature fusion module of YOLOv5s, which improves the spatial interaction ability of feature information and further reduces the complexity of the model. The experimental results obtained from the training and verification of the MC-YOLOv5s algorithm show that, compared with the original YOLOv5s algorithm, MC-YOLOv5s reduces the number of parameters by 6.98 MB and increases the mAP by about 3.4%. Even compared with other lightweight detection models, the improved model proposed in this paper still has better detection performance. The MC-YOLOv5s has been verified in the ship visual inspection and has great application potential. The code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/sakura994479727/datas .
Journal Article
An FMEA-based TOPSIS approach under single valued neutrosophic sets for maritime risk evaluation: the case of ship navigation safety
As in terrestrial facilities, safety is one of the most important issue in ships. Vessels navigating in many parts of the world face many different, tough and dangerous navigational risks. In this context, twenty-three fundamental risks which are frequently encountered in ship navigation were considered in this study and examined by an FMEA-based TOPSIS approach under single valued neutrosophic sets. Because of the lack of data in the literature, the opinions of the experts (Masters) who have many years of experience in the sector were taken. As a result of the study, extreme weather conditions, injury of crew, loss of input of sensory equipment (depth, gyro, speed etc.), struck by ropes, exposure to high speed machineries under high pressures, loss of maneuverability are very important among these risks. Considering these risks, corrective-preventive action plans and managerial implications for ship navigation have been presented. Consequently, the results of this study have an important warning and solution recommendation regarding ship navigation risks.
Journal Article