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result(s) for
"Negation"
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Unraveling Negation: A Morphosyntactic Study of Hail Arabic
This paper investigates the morphosyntax of sentential negation in Hail Arabic, a previously unexplored topic. It demonstrates the use of three negators (maa, laa, and maa-pronoun) and their sensitivity to predicate type. It shows that maa and laa are used in verbal sentences, whereas the inflected negation marker maa-pronoun only occurs in verbless sentences. The study argues for a Low-Neg analysis, positioning NegP below the tense node, and utilizes the Minimalist Program to explain the observed patterns. The findings reveal that adjacency is required for verbal negation but not for verbless negation and that the inflected negator maa-pronoun agrees in number, gender, and person with the subject. Additionally, the paper utilizes the Split CP Hypothesis to explore the occurrence of maa in both SVO and VSO constructions and the contrastive focus reading associated with the Neg-TP pattern. It proposes, based on the syntactic and semantic properties of the clause-initial negation particles, that the negator dominating the subject (i.e., TP) is a focus negation particle heading the Focus Phrase in the CP area. It concludes that the position of NegP in the clausal hierarchy is not only syntactically conditioned but also semantically/pragmatically driven.
Journal Article
Contracting and Involutive Negations of Probability Distributions
A dozen papers have considered the concept of negation of probability distributions (pd) introduced by Yager. Usually, such negations are generated point-by-point by functions defined on a set of probability values and called here negators. Recently the class of pd-independent linear negators has been introduced and characterized using Yager’s negator. The open problem was how to introduce involutive negators generating involutive negations of pd. To solve this problem, we extend the concepts of contracting and involutive negations studied in fuzzy logic on probability distributions. First, we prove that the sequence of multiple negations of pd generated by a linear negator converges to the uniform distribution with maximal entropy. Then, we show that any pd-independent negator is non-involutive, and any non-trivial linear negator is strictly contracting. Finally, we introduce an involutive negator in the class of pd-dependent negators. It generates an involutive negation of probability distributions.
Journal Article
The morphosyntax of the sentence-final negative WHAT in Chinese
This paper reviews Yang’s (2024) analysis of the sentence-final negative WHAT in Chinese and argues that the sentence-final negative WHAT, which can be classified into two types — emphatic negation and quotative negation — should be analyzed as a suffix attached to the predicate in morphology. Specifically, the affixation of the sentence-final negative WHAT is a morphosyntactic operation that occurs in l-syntax, creating a complex word with the predicate. Additionally, both sentence-final negative WHAT and its reduplicated form should be analyzed in a unified way within morphology, with the base being as short as possible phonologically. The study also emphasizes the need for a negative force projection at the sentence periphery.
Journal Article
SFU ReviewSP-NEG: a Spanish corpus annotated with negation for sentiment analysis. A typology of negation patterns
In this paper, we present SFU Review
SP
-NEG, the first Spanish corpus annotated with negation with a wide coverage freely available. We describe the methodology applied in the annotation of the corpus including the tagset, the linguistic criteria and the inter-annotator agreement tests. We also include a complete typology of negation patterns in Spanish. This typology has the advantage that it is easy to express in terms of a tagset for corpus annotation: the types are clearly defined, which avoids ambiguity in the annotation process, and they provide wide coverage (i.e. they resolved all the cases occurring in the corpus). We use the SFU Review
SP
as a base in order to make the annotations. The corpus consists of 400 reviews, 221,866 words and 9455 sentences, out of which 3022 sentences contain at least one negation structure.
Journal Article
Les négateurs en luxembourgeois et leur emploi dans le dialogue
We present first an outline on Luxemburgish, then on “negators” in this language. Next we examine the opposition between global negation and partial negation. Then in particular we examine the couple nët “not” versus keen meaning 1) “nobody” 2) negation. Finally these negators are analysed in context in order to underline their instructions for use.
Journal Article
Measuring Uncertainty in the Negation Evidence for Multi-Source Information Fusion
Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is widely used in modeling and reasoning uncertain information in real applications. Recently, a new perspective of modeling uncertain information with the negation of evidence was proposed and has attracted a lot of attention. Both the basic probability assignment (BPA) and the negation of BPA in the evidence theory framework can model and reason uncertain information. However, how to address the uncertainty in the negation information modeled as the negation of BPA is still an open issue. Inspired by the uncertainty measures in Dempster–Shafer evidence theory, a method of measuring the uncertainty in the negation evidence is proposed. The belief entropy named Deng entropy, which has attracted a lot of attention among researchers, is adopted and improved for measuring the uncertainty of negation evidence. The proposed measure is defined based on the negation function of BPA and can quantify the uncertainty of the negation evidence. In addition, an improved method of multi-source information fusion considering uncertainty quantification in the negation evidence with the new measure is proposed. Experimental results on a numerical example and a fault diagnosis problem verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method in measuring and fusing uncertain information.
Journal Article
Exponential negation of a probability distribution
Negation operation is important in intelligent information processing. Different existing arithmetic negation, an exponential negation is presented in this paper. The new negation can be seen as a kind of geometry negation. Some basic properties of the proposed negation are investigated, and we find that the fix point is the uniform probability distribution, which reaches the maximum entropy. The proposed exponential negation is an entropy increase operation, and all the probability distributions will converge to the uniform distribution after multiple negation iterations. The convergence speed of the proposed negation is also faster than the existed negation. The number of iterations of convergence is inversely proportional to the number of elements in the distribution. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed negation.
Journal Article
On the syntax of surprise negation sentences: A case study on expletive negation
Expletive Negation is widespread in human languages. Although many semantic, pragmatic and syntactic hypotheses about it have been advanced, it still remains puzzling. Two questions, particularly, need to be faced: (i) what are the contexts, mainly syntactic, where negation receives its vacuous interpretation? (ii) Is EN a phenomenon grammatically distinct from standard negation or are they the same one? In this article I will provide empirical and theoretical arguments to show that EN derives from a particular syntactic configuration by investigating a case of Italian EN, i.e. Surprise Negation Sentences. More specifically, I will propose that the Italian negative marker “
non
” (“not”) has a twofold interpretation encoded in syntax: (i) when it is merged in the TP-area during the v*P-phase, it gives the standard negative interpretation reversing the truth-value conditions of a sentence; (ii) when it is merged in the CP domain and the v*P-phase is already closed, it gives the expletive interpretation shown in Snegs. From this point of view, the expletive reading of negation is just a reflex of the syntactic context in which negation is introduced.
Journal Article
A note on negation, focus, and bias in Greek polar questions
The present squib explores the hypothesis that Greek distinguishes between low negation polar questions and high negation polar questions in a way parallel to languages like English. Building on a demonstrable bi-partite distinction of Greek negative polar questions involving narrow focus, I show that (i) Greek questions do display two negative variants, although not necessarily mapped onto distinct surface word orders, and (ii) the high negation variant has richer syntactic and LF-structure.
Journal Article