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The EU policy process is dependent on negotiations as a mode of reaching agreements on, and implementing, common policies. The EU negotiations differ from traditional international negotiations in several respects and this book presents a detailed analysis of the processes while examining their distinguishing features.The authors explore the variety of negotiation processes, the continuity and institutionalization of negotiation processes as well as the involvement of a variety of actors besides governments, often linked in informal networks. Going beyond the common distinctions based on issue-areas or the EU as negotiation arena as opposed to negotiating actor externally, the authors explore the impact of different stages in the policy process and the nature of the external negotiating partner.

Conflict prevention and crisis management has become a key activity for the EU since the creation of the Common Security and Defence Policy in 1999. The rapid growth of this policy area, as well as the number of missions deployed beyond the EU’s border raise important questions about the nature of the EU’s international role and its contribution to international security. The Contributions to EU Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management analyze European conflict prevention and crisis management in terms of the EU’s evolving global role, its institutions and its policies. The volume analyzes the EU’s position in relation to the US, the UN and other regional security organizations, and applies three different institutionalist perspectives – historical, rational choice and sociological institutionalism - to explain the increasing institutionalization of EU crisis management. It also critically analyzes the application of EU policies in West Africa, Afghanistan and the Caucasus. Providing a comprehensive analysis of EU crisis management, the volume explores what role EU conflict prevention and crisis management plays in a European and a global context. Offering a comprehensive and original contribution to the literature on EU foreign and security policy, this volume will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics, international relations and security studies. \"A comprehensive, well-structured and original contribution to the literature on the EU’s foreign and security policy.\" - Nicole Koenig, The International Spectator, Vol. 47, 3, 2012 Eva Gross is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for European Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and a visiting lecturer at the University of Kent: Brussels School of International Studies. Research interests include the role of the EU as a global actor, the Europeanization of national foreign and security policy, transatlantic relations and EU conflict prevention and crisis management policies. She holds a PhD from the London School of Economics and has been a visiting fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) in Brussels and the EU Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) and CERI Science Po, both in Paris. Ana E. Juncos is Lecturer in European Politics in the School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies at the University of Bristol. She holds a PhD in Politics, International Relations and European Studies from Loughborough University, where she is currently a Teaching Fellow. Her doctoral research, partly funded by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond through the ‘European Foreign and Security Policy Studies Programme’, focused on the coherence and effectiveness of the EU’s Foreign and Security Policy in Bosnia (1991-2006). Previously, she won a scholarship at the Spanish National Council for Scientific Research and worked as a research assistant at the University of Ottawa (Canada). She holds a degree in Political Science and Public Management (University Complutense of Madrid) and a European Humanities Diploma (Université Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris). 1. Introduction Eva Gross and Ana E. Juncos Part I: Roles 2. The EU’s Role in International Crisis Management: Innovative Model or Emulated Script? Xymena Kurowska and Thomas Seitz 3. European Union Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management and the European Security Architecture Emma J. Stewart Part II: Institutions 4. Introducing Governance Arrangement for EU Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management Operations: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective Petar Petrov 5. Conceptualising the EU as a Civil-Military Crisis Manager: Institutional Actors and their Principals Nadia Klein 6. The Other Side of EU Crisis Management: A Sociological Institutionalist Analysis Ana E. Juncos Part III: Policies 7. The EU in West Africa: From Developmental to Diplomatic Policy? Marie Gibert 8. The EU in Afghanistan: Crisis Management in a Transatlantic Setting Eva Gross 9. The EU in Georgia: Towards a Coherent Crisis Management Strategy? Giselle Bosse 10. Conclusion and Outlook Eva Gross and Ana E. Juncos

The European Union is still emerging as a fully fledged foreign policy actor. The vagaries of this process are clearly visible, yet insufficiently explained in the EU policies towards the post-Soviet space. EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts examines EU intervention and non-intervention in conflict resolution, with a specific focus on the EU’s role in the post-soviet conflicts in the South Caucasus and Moldova: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria. It explains how EU foreign policy affected these conflicts, but more importantly what EU intervention in these conflicts reveal about the EU itself. Based on extensive field research, the author argues that the reluctant EU intervention in post-Soviet conflicts results from a dichotomous relationship between EU institutions and some EU member states. Popescu argues this demonstrates that EU institutions use policies of ‘stealth intervention’ where they seek to play a greater role in the post-Soviet space, but they do so through relatively low-profile, uncontroversial and depoliticised actions in order to avoid visible Russian opposition. Exploring an array of questions related to the EU as a foreign policy actor, this book traces the politics of conflict intervention by EU institutions using original empirical data related to the EU decision making process and will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics, conflict resolution, foreign policy and Post-Soviet politics. 1. Introduction 2. EU Foreign Policy and Conflict Management 3. The EU's Piecemeal Involvement in Transnistria 4. The EU's Reluctant Engagment in Abkhazia and South Ossetia 5. The EU's Non-Involvement in Nagorno-Karabakh 6. Conclusions: The EU's Involvement and Reluctance Nicu Popescu is research fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations in London. He has worked as a senior foreign policy advisor to the Prime-Minister of Moldova, and researcher at the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels. Nicu holds a doctorate in political science from the Central European University in Budapest. ‘The present book provides the ultimate guide to EU’s performance in conflict management in the post-Soviet space. This is not a book written based on research in a warm office. Nicu Popescu has criss-crossed the conflict regions. The book shows in minutiae detail how much the EU has progressed in becoming a conflict management actor, but also how difficult and contradictory that process still is.’ - Martti Ahtisaari, is Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and former President of Finland ‘United Europe is going through a turbulent yet extremely challenging and exciting period, which requires strengthening the role of the Union as a capable player on the international stage, promoting peace, security and stability and protecting the European values and interests. In fulfilling these ambitions, the EU should undoubtedly start from its Neighbourhood, making best use of the new possibilities, offered by the Lisbon Treaty. Nicu Popescu urges for stronger engagement of the EU with persisting security problems, especially in the South Caucasus. I could hardly disagree with the necessity to do more in this region. We should start by an enhanced confidence-building process, implementing specific well-conceived, well-targeted projects. Nicu Popescu's book offers an excellent starting point for this debate.’ - Nikolay Mladenov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria ‘A successful EU foreign policy can only start with successful policies in the neighbourhood. This book shows in detail the successes and failures of EU foreign policy in EU’s Eastern neighbourhood and persuasively argues that the EU can only become a global power if it is able to tackle effectively problems in its immediate vicinity. The post-Soviet conflicts are a key test for EU’s foreign policy ambitions.’ - Ion Sturza, former Prime-Minister of Moldova ‘The 2008 war in Georgia and the sudden loss of impetus to NATO expansion in the region have demonstrated the dangers of a security vacuum in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. Nicu Popescu is uniquly well-qualified to examine whether the EU can fill the gap.’ - Andrew Wilson, Reader in Ukrainian Studies, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London　 ‘The EU declares that it provides security and stability to the whole of Europe. Is this the case in Europe's troubled eastern region? Clearly, not yet. Nicu Popescu's work on the conflicts that afflict this part of Europe shows an EU that is increasingly engaged but not strategic. The EU is there in these conflicts, but not sure why. This unique and original work should be mandatory reading for the new External Action Service.’ - Dov Lynch, Author of 'Engaging Eurasia's Separatist States' and former senior advisor to OSCE Secretary General

This handbook provides comprehensive and expert analysis of the impact of the Brexit process and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on existing and future EU-UK relations within the context of both EU and international law. Examining the wider international law implications, it additionally assesses the complex legal consequences of Brexit for both the EU and the UK in their dealings with third states and other international organizations. With contributions from renowned specialists in the field of EU external action, each chapter will analyse specific policy areas to address key challenges arising from the Brexit process for the EU and the UK and propose solutions to overcome these problems. The handbook aims to fill a gap in research by assessing the consequences of Brexit under EU external relations law and international law. As such, it is hoped it will set the research agenda for coming years on the international dimension of Brexit. The Routledge Handbook on the International Dimension of Brexit is an authoritative and essential reference text for scholars and students of international and European/EU law and policy, EU politics, and British politics and Brexit, as well as of key relevance to legal practitioners involved in Brexit, governments, policy-makers, civil society organizations, think tanks, practitioners, national parliaments and the Court of Justice.

How large are optimal tariffs? What tariffs would prevail in a world-wide trade war? How costly would a breakdown of international trade policy cooperation be? And what is the scope for future multilateral trade negotiations? I address these and other questions using a unified framework which nests traditional, new trade, and political economy motives for protection. I find that optimal tariffs average 62 percent, world trade war tariffs average 63 percent, the government welfare losses from a breakdown of international trade policy cooperation average 2.9 percent, and the possible government welfare gains from future multilateral trade negotiations average 0.5 percent.

In recent years the European Union (EU) has played an increasingly important role as a manager of global conflicts. This book provides a comprehensive assessment of how the EU has performed in facilitating mediation, conflict resolution and peacebuilding across the globe. Offering an accessible introduction to the theories, processes and practice of the EU's role in managing conflict, the book features a broad range of case studies including Afghanistan, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Cyprus, Israel-Palestine, Macedonia and Moldova and examines both the institutional and policy aspects including the common foreign, security and defence policy. Drawing together a wide range of contributors, this will be of great interest to students of European Foreign Policy, the EU as a global actor and conflict resolution and management.

The actions of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) concerned with such issues as development, human rights, and the protection of the environment voicing concerns to public authorities raises the questions: Do these newly mobilised societal actors influence EU trade policy outcomes? We answer in the negative, arguing that such groups, which have diffuse costs and benefits from trade policies, do not dispose of resources with which they can threaten or enhance political actors' chances of re-election or re-appointment. A survey of NGOs and business groups as well as two in-depth case studies on the negotiations concerning the EU's Economic Partnership Agreements and the EU's policy on access to medicines in developing countries support our reasoning. The analysis shows that although NGOs have gained access to policy-makers, they have largely failed to shift policy outcomes in their favour.

How do domestic politics influence the formation of international institutions, and how do international institutions shape domestic politics? These questions cannot be answered in isolation because national leaders form and join international institutions to advance their domestic interests. We illuminate the relationship between international institutions and domestic politics by analyzing whether preferential trading agreements (PTAs) promote liberal economic reform. In developing countries, leaders engage in PTA negotiations with major powers (European Union and United States) when these leaders want to implement reforms but cannot do so due to domestic political opposition and a lack of credible commitment. PTA negotiations promote economic reform by enabling credible commitment and allowing the leader to condition the implementation of the PTA on liberal policies.

Until recently, the European Union tended to view violent mass conflicts predominantly through the lens of negotiations between conflict leaders and powerful external actors. Today, the EU has begun to recognize the imperative of understanding and influencing developments on the ground in conflict situations by engaging with local civil society. The European Union, Civil Society and Conflict explores the EU's relations with civil society organizations at the local level, in an effort to improve the effectiveness and relevance of its conflict and peace strategies. Looking in particular at the eastern and southern neighbourhoods, the volume analyses five case studies of EU and local civil society interaction in: Georgia & Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Moldova & Transnistria, Israel & Palestine and Morocco & Western Sahara. Through the comparative examination of these cases, this volume draws broad policy guidelines tailored to governmental and non-governmental action. Exploring the impact of the European Union in conflicts beyond its borders through its engagement with civil society, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of the EU, civil society and conflict.