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The species of Lamiaceae described in 1753 by Linnaeus as Phlomis zeylanica L. (= Leucas zeylanica (L.) R.Br.) and Phlomis indica L. (= Leucas indica (L.) R.Br.) are distinct. The neotype designated for Phlomis indica L. belongs to a different taxon, hence a specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) is redesignated as neotype. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. is the legitimate name for the Linnaean species Leonurus indicus L. The south Indian endemic variety Leucas lavandulifolia var. decipiens (Hook.f.) Chandrab. & S.R. Sriniv. is neotypified. A key to the four taxa is provided.

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined, described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets (rDNA, TEF-α, RBP2 and β-Tubulin) to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed, we apply an integrative approach (morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable). Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including eight new genera, 101 new species, two new combinations, one neotype, four reference specimens, new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs. The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia , Arundellina , Camarosporioides , Neomassaria , Neomassarina , Neotruncatella , Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria . The new species are Alfaria spartii , Alloarthopyrenia italica , Anthostomella ravenna , An . thailandica , Arthrinium paraphaeospermum , Arundellina typhae , Aspergillus koreanus , Asterina cynometrae , Bertiella ellipsoidea , Blastophorum aquaticum , Cainia globosa , Camarosporioides phragmitis , Ceramothyrium menglunense , Chaetosphaeronema achilleae , Chlamydotubeufia helicospora , Ciliochorella phanericola , Clavulinopsis aurantiaca , Colletotrichum insertae , Comoclathris italica , Coronophora myricoides , Cortinarius fulvescentoideus , Co . nymphatus , Co . pseudobulliardioides , Co . tenuifulvescens , Cunninghamella gigacellularis , Cyathus pyristriatus , Cytospora cotini , Dematiopleospora alliariae , De . cirsii , Diaporthe aseana , Di . garethjonesii , Distoseptispora multiseptata , Dis . tectonae , Dis . tectonigena , Dothiora buxi , Emericellopsis persica , Gloniopsis calami , Helicoma guttulatum , Helvella floriforma , H . oblongispora , Hermatomyces subiculosa , Juncaceicola italica , Lactarius dirkii , Lentithecium unicellulare , Le . voraginesporum , Leptosphaeria cirsii , Leptosphaeria irregularis , Leptospora galii , Le . thailandica , Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis , Lophiotrema bambusae , Lo . fallopiae , Meliola citri-maximae , Minimelanolocus submersus , Montagnula cirsii , Mortierella fluviae , Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae , Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi , Neomassaria fabacearum , Neomassarina thailandica , Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi , Neo . cytisinus , Neo . minima , Neopestalotiopsis cocoës , Neopestalotiopsis musae , Neoroussoella lenispora , Neotorula submersa , Neotruncatella endophytica , Nodulosphaeria italica , Occultibambusa aquatica , Oc . chiangraiensis , Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica , Op . lacrimoidis , Paracapsulospora metroxyli , Pestalotiopsis sequoiae , Peziza fruticosa , Pleurotrema thailandica , Poaceicola arundinis , Polyporus mangshanensis , Pseudocoleophoma typhicola , Pseudodictyosporium thailandica , Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi , Purpureocillium sodanum , Ramariopsis atlantica , Rhodocybe griseoaurantia , Rh . indica , Rh . luteobrunnea , Russula indoalba , Ru . pseudoamoenicolor , Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum , Sp . olivaceoconidium , Sp . pyriformatum , Stagonospora forlicesenensis , Stagonosporopsis centaureae , Terriera thailandica , Tremateia arundicola , Tr . guiyangensis , Trichomerium bambusae , Tubeufia hyalospora , Tu . roseohelicospora and Wojnowicia italica . New combinations are given for Hermatomyces mirum and Pallidocercospora thailandica . A neotype is proposed for Cortinarius fulvescens . Reference specimens are given for Aquaphila albicans , Leptospora rubella , Platychora ulmi and Meliola pseudosasae , while new host or distribution records are provided for Diaporthe eres , Di. siamensis , Di . foeniculina , Dothiorella iranica , Do. sarmentorum , Do. vidmadera , Helvella tinta and Vaginatispora fuckelii , with full taxonomic details. An asexual state is also reported for the first time in Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum . This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.

The typification of fourteen Linnaean names in Hieracium, viz. H. aurantiacum, H. auricula, H. chondrilloides, H. cymosum, H. dubium, H. glutinosum, H. hedypnoides, H. incanum, H. murorum var. pilosissimum, H. murorum var. sylvaticum, H. porrifolium, H. pumilum, H. sabaudum and H. tomentosum, is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural types is based on the consultation of Linnaeus’s original material and the literature cited in the respective protologue. The names are lectotypified using specimens preserved at UPS-BURSER and LINN, and two illustrations of Boccone and Dillenius. Linnaeus’s original material of H. pumilum and H. pyrenaicum var. helveticum could not be found. A specimen in S-LINN that best conforms with the diagnosis for H. pumilum is selected as the neotype for that name. The application of the name H. pyrenaicum var. helveticum appears uncertain, and therefore it is treated as nomen ambiguum. Finally, epitypes are designated for H. porrifolium and H. tomentosum due to ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotypes.

An update of the nomenclature of 49 Caribbean Island-occurring taxa of Plumeria (Apocynaceae: Plumerieae) is presented. We designate lectotypes for the following 29 names: Plumeria alba var. jacquiniana, P. apiculata, P. barahonensis, P. beatensis, P. berteroi, P. biglandulosa, P. confusa, P. cuneifolia, P. dictyophylla, P. discolor, P. domingensis, P. gibbosa, P. inaguensis, P. jaegeri, P. jamaicensis, P. krugii, P. leuconeura, P. longiflora, P. marchii, P. obtusa var. laevis, P. obtusa var. parviflora, P. ostenfeldii, P. paulinae, P. pilosula, P. revolutifolia, P. stenopetala, P. stenopetala var. angustissima, P. subsessilis, and P. trouinensis. A neotype is assigned to P. bahamensis, and epitypes are presented for P. alba var. jacquiniana, P. gibbosa and P. stenopetala. Plumeria portoricensis is regarded as an uncertain name. Fifteen of the Cuban endemics were inadvertently lectotypified; three of them (P. cayensis, P. cubensis, P. stenophylla) require a two-step lectotypification, which is presented here. Two of the names (P. filifolia, P. tuberculata) were lectotypified in previous works and we concord with these typifications. The protologue of P. magna includes the holotype for this name.

Based on traditional morphology, sequence data, and phylogenetic analyses, 18 new species are here described: Coprinellus christianopolitanus , Coprinopsis musae , C. udicola , Psathyrella arenosa , P. carminei , P. fennoscandica , P. ichnusae , P. lilliputana , P. lyckebodensis , P. madida , P. rybergii , P. sabuletorum , P. scanica , P. siccophila , P. stridvallii , P. sublatispora , P. vesterholtii , and Typhrasa nanispora. Psathyrella hololanigera and P. tenera are reported as new to Europe and P. parva as new to the Nordic countries. A four-gene dataset on Psathyrellaceae were analyzed by Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Constraint analyses were performed to determine limits of /Psathyrella, and to evaluate whether the /Coprinellus, /cordisporus, and /gossypina clades could be regarded with confidence as monophyletic clades outside of the clade /Psathyrella. This was not unambiguously supported. Based on the phylogenetic results, Kauffmania is proposed as a monotypic genus for the species P. larga and Typhrasa for P. gossypina and the new described species T. nanispora . The genus Homophron is formally validated and three combinations are proposed: H. spadiceum , H. cernuum , and H. camptopodum . The genus Cystoagaricus Singer is emended and the following new combinations are proposed: C. hirtosquamulosus, C. squarrosiceps, C. olivaceogriseus , and C. silvestris. Neotypes have been selected for seven species described by Fries, and ITS sequence data for these were generated. The following new combinations are proposed: Coprinopsis canoceps , C. cineraria , C. melanthina , C. submicrospora , C. uliginicola, and Typhrasa gossypina . Brief comments are given to other species of interest. Psathyrella ornatispora were found not to belong in Psathyrellaceae . A key to 106 psathyrelloid species in Northern Europe is provided.

The papilionoid legume trees generally known as tonka, baru and cumaru comprise the taxonomically complex genus Dipteryx. In addition to being ecologically important across the neotropical biomes of rain forests and savannas, Dipteryx species are valuable sources of timber as well as an array of coumarin products. This genus currently comprises 14 accepted species with a convoluted nomenclatural history. Dipteryx is morphologically recognized by the flattened leaf rachis, asymmetrical leaflets, truly papilionate flowers, and drupaceous fruits. The generic name Dipteryx is conserved against Coumarouna and Taralea since Taralea is a heterotypic synonym and is accepted here as a distinct entity. We analyzed 65 names and designations that have been associated with Dipteryx and provide all orthographic variants, type localities, one new combination, 10 new lectotypes, one neotype, and one new synonym. Finally, we present an updated checklist of accepted and excluded names in Dipteryx. By highlighting the nomenclatural problems in Dipteryx, we hope the genus can serve as a model of how the typification process of older names linked primarily to Amazonian species should be treated.

Centaurea aplolepa Moretti and C. leucophaea Jord. (Asteraceae) are endemic to the central-western Mediterranean and include, respectively, ten and six subspecies, mostly occurring in north-western Italy and south-eastern France. As part of an ongoing systematic study on Centaurea L. sect. Centaurea from the central Mediterranean, 17 nomenclatural types (13 lectotypes, three neotypes and one epitype) are designated to fix the application of all names of the taxa described for France and Italy and related to C. aplolepa and C. leucophaea . In addition, previous typifications are critically revised and discussed. Centaurea aplolepa subsp. maremmana (Fiori) Dostál and C. litigiosa (Fiori) Arrigoni, two currently accepted taxa endemic to Tuscany (central Italy), are respectively considered here as heterotypic synonyms of C. aplolepa subsp. carueliana (Micheletti) Dostál and C. aplolepa subsp. cosana (Fiori) Dostál. Finally, C. aplolepa subsp. gallinariae (Briq. & Cavill.) Dostál, a currently accepted subspecies narrowly endemic to the Gallinara island (Liguria, northern Italy), is considered here as a heterotypic synonym of C. leucophaea subsp. brunnescens (Briq.) Dostál.

Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplodia have been hampered by the lack of an ex-type culture linked to the holotype of D. mutila , which is the type of the genus. In this study a large collection of Diplodia strains, obtained from ash and other woody hosts showing V-shaped cankers and branch dieback, were identified based on morphological characters and DNA sequence data from ITS and EF1-α loci. Results of combined morphological and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Fraxinus isolates from Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain belong to three distinct species namely Diplodia fraxini , Diplodia mutila and Diplodia subglobosa sp. nov. An epitype was designated for Diplodia mutila , with associated ex-epitype cultures. The name D. fraxini is re-instated and a neotype designated. Two species, Diplodia seriata and Diplodia pseudoseriata were reported for the first time on Fraxinus spp.

Morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that Eleutherostylis Burret (Malvaceae, Grewioideae), a monotypic genus described from New Guinea, is best considered a synonym of Grewia L., a species-rich genus widespread across the Paleotropics and found in Africa, Arabia, Asia, Australia and the western Pacific. A new combination, based on E. renistipulata Burret, G. renistipulata (Burret) Dorr, comb. nov. , is proposed. Original material of the basionym could not be located and a neotype is designated. A lectotype is designated for G. morotaiensis Kosterm., a synonym of G. renistipulata .