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11 result(s) for "Netherlands -- Colonies -- Asia -- Social policy"
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A History of Plague in Java, 1911–1942
In A History of Plague in Java, 1911-1942 , Maurits Bastiaan Meerwijk demonstrates how the official response to the 1911 outbreak of plague in Malang led to one of the most invasive health interventions in Dutch colonial Indonesia. Eager to combat disease, Dutch physicians and officials integrated the traditional Javanese house into the \"rat-flea-man\" theory of transmission. Hollow bamboo frames and thatched roofs offered hiding spaces for rats, suggesting a material link between rat plague and human plague. Over the next thirty years, 1.6 million houses were renovated or rebuilt, millions more were subjected to periodic inspection, and countless Javanese were exposed to health messaging seeking to \"rat-proof\" their beliefs along with their houses. The transformation of houses, villages, and people was documented in hundreds of photographs and broadcast to overseas audiences as evidence of the \"ethical\" nature of colonial rule, proving so effective as propaganda that the rebuilding continued even as better alternatives, such as inoculation, became available. By systematically reshaping the built environment, the Dutch plague response dramatically expanded colonial oversight and influence in rural Java.
The Cultivation System (1830–1870) and its private entrepreneurs on colonial Java
Ever since the interregnum from 1811 to 1816 of Lieutenant Governor General Stamford Raffles, British trading interests had been firmly established in colonial Indonesia. The implementation of the Cultivation System in 1830 on Java by the Dutch colonial government was an attempt to bring this potentially rich colony under Dutch economic control, but it is usually considered a departure from the principles of economic liberalism and a phase during which private entrepreneurs were barred from the emerging plantation economy. However, on the basis of census data and immigration records, and with reference to recent literature on the development of the nineteenth-century sugar industry, this article argues that British trading houses present on Java in the early nineteenth century continued to play an important role in the development of the production there of tropical goods, and that the emerging plantation economy attracted a modest influx of technicians and employees from various European nations. This article proposes to consider the Cultivation System and private enterprise not as mutually exclusive, but as complementary in making the cane sugar industry of Java the second largest in the world after that of Cuba.
Heavy and light money in the Netherlands Indies and the Dutch Republic: dilemmas of monetary management with unit of account systems
In its Asian operations the Dutch United East Indies Company (VOC) (1602–1798) acted both as a territorial ruler and as a trading company. The company shipped large amounts of precious metals to Asia, both in the form of bullion and as coins, to pay for its trade and to provide currency for the areas under its control. The Company faced the problem that silver coins rapidly disappeared from circulation, as demand for silver was high in Asia. The Company attempted to manage the problem with a monetary policy using a unit of account, modelled after the policy of the Dutch Republic. It turned out that the two purposes of the money of account system, viz., putting the bookkeeping on a systematic basis and managing the currency in circulation, were conflicting. The first demanded a fixed unit of account, the second demanded a flexible policy of linking and de-linking the unit of account to real coins. Although the Company managed to muddle through this dilemma, it only succeeded in finding temporary solutions. Dans ses opérations asiatiques la Compagnie des Indes Orientales Unie Hollandaise (VOC) (1602–1798) était à la fois un souverain territorial et une compagnie commerciale. La compagnie envoyait de grandes quantités de métaux précieux en Asie, à la fois sous forme de lingots et en pièces, pour payer pour son commerce et pour fournir des devises aux régions sous son contrôle. La Compagnie faisait face au problème de la disparition rapide des pièces d'argent de la circulation, la demande d'argent étant élevée en Asie. La Compagnie a tenté de gérer le problème avec une politique monétaire utilisant une unité de compte modelée sur la politique de la republique hollandaise. Il s'est avéré que les deux buts du système de compte d'argent, c'est à dire mettre les compatibilités sur une base systématique, et gérer la devise en circulation, étaient contradictoires. Le premier exigeait une unité fixe de compte, le second une politique flexible permettant de lier et de délier l'unité de compte aux pièces réelles. Bien que la Compagnie se soit sortie de ce dilemme, elle n'a réussi qu'à trouver des solutions temporaires. Im Rahmen ihrer Tätigkeit in Asien agierte die Niederländische Ostindien-Kompanie (VOC) (1602–1798) sowohl als territorialer Herrscher als auch als Handelsgesellschaft. Das Unternehmen verschiffte große Mengen an Edelmetallen – in Form von Barren und Mfünzen – nach Asien, um seine Handelsaktivitäten zu finanzieren und für die seiner Kontrolle unterliegenden Gebiete eine Währung bereit zu stellen. Das Unternehmen sah sich mit dem Problem konfrontiert, dass die Silbermünzen sehr schnell aus dem Umlauf verschwanden, da in Asien eine sehr hohe Nachfrage nach Silber bestand. Das Unternehmen versuchte dem Problem mithilfe einer Geldpolitik Herr zu werden, der eine Verrechnungseinheit zugrunde lag, und die dem Modell der Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande nachempfunden war. Es zeigte sich, dass die beiden Zwecke des Geldverrechnungssystems – nämlich die Schaffung einer systematischen Grundlage für die Buchführung und die Verwaltung des im Umlauf befindlichen Geldes – im Widerspruch zueinander standen. Erstere erforderte eine feste Verrechnungseinheit, während letztere eine flexible Politik des Verbindens und Lösens der Verrechnungseinheit an/von realen Münzen verlangte. Obwohl es dem Unternehmen gelang, sich aus diesem Dilemma zu befreien, war es ihm jedoch nur möglich, zeitlich begrenzte Übergangslösungen zu finden. En sus operaciones asiáticas, la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales Unidas (VOC) (1602–1798) actuó tanto como mandatario territorial como compañía comercial. La compañía enviaba grandes cantidades de metales preciosos a Asia, tanto en forma de oro o plata en lingotes como en monedas, para pagar su comercio y para facilitar moneda para las áreas bajo su control. La Compañía se enfrentó al problema de que las monedas de plata desaparecían rápidamente de la circulación, ya que la demanda de plata era elevada en Asia. La Compañía trató de gestionar el problema mediante una política monetaria utilizando una unidad contable, modelada en base a la política de la República Holandesa. Resultó que los dos propósitos del dinero del sistema de contabilidad, a saber, poner la contabilidad por decalco en una base sistemática y gestionar la moneda en circulación, eran conflictivos. El primero demandaba una unidad de contabilidad fija, el segundo demandaba una política flexible que ligase y desligase la unidad de contabilidad a monedas reales. Aunque la Compañía se las arregló para ir tirando para solucionar este dilema, sólo consiguió encontrar soluciones temporales.