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Special Issue: Social Neurobiology of Eating: The social neuroscience of eating: an introduction to the special issue
Key words: eating; social; brain; OFC; vlPFC; dlPFC
Journal Article
Unique : the new science of human individuality
As a scientist, the author had devoted his career to understanding the brain processes and behaviors that are common to us all. That is, until a few years ago, when he found himself on OKCupid. Looking through that vast catalog of human difference, he got to thinking, where does it all come from? Why does one person have perfect pitch, a taste for hoppy beer, and an aversion to bathroom selfies? That is, what makes you, you, and me, me? In this book, the author tells a riveting and accessible story of human individuality. Exploring topics that touch all of our lives - among them sexuality, gender identity, food preferences, biological rhythms, mood, personality, memory, and intelligence - the author shows that human individuality is not simply a matter of nature versus nurture. Rather, it is a product of the complex, and often counterintuitive, interplay between our genetic blueprints and our experiences. Experience isn't just how your parents reared you, but the diseases you have had, the foods you have eaten, the bacteria that reside in your body, the weather during your early development, and the technology you've been exposed to. Drawing all those factors together, the author argues that human individuality is key to how we live as individuals and groups and explores how questions of individuality are informing social discussions of morality, public policy, religion, healthcare, education, and law. Like Carl Zimmer's She Has Her Mother's Laugh and Robert Sapolsky's Behave, this book unveils a vista on the intricacies of human existence. But, for all its brilliance and insight, this is not a weighty academic tome - here, the story of uniqueness is told with an unusual combination of authority and openness, seriousness of purpose, and a great sense of humor. -- Adapted from publisher's description.
Neuromodulation Special Issue Midfrontal-occipital theta-tACS modulates cognitive conflicts related to bodily stimuli
Neurophysiological studies show that during tasks tapping cognitive control (like the flanker task), midfrontal theta (MF[theta]) oscillations are associated with conflict and error processing and neural top-down modulation of perceptual processing. What remains unknown is whether perceptual encoding of category-specific stimuli (e.g. body vs letters) used in flanker-like tasks is modulated by theta oscillations. To explore this issue, we delivered transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) in the theta frequency band (6 Hz) over the medial frontal cortex (MFC) and the extra-striate body area (EBA), whereas healthy participants performed two variants of the classical flanker task, one with stimuli representing human hands (i.e. hand-flanker) and the other with stimuli representing coloured letters (i.e. letter-flanker). More specifically, we aimed at investigating whether [theta]-tACS involving a body-related area may modulate the long-range communication between neuronal populations underlying conflict monitoring and visuo-perceptual encoding of hand stimuli without affecting the conflict driven by letter stimuli. Results showed faster correct response times during [theta]-tACS in the hand-flanker compared with [gamma]-tACS (40 Hz) and sham. Importantly, such an effect did not emerge in the letter-flanker. Our findings show that theta oscillations over midfrontal-occipital areas modulate bodily specific, stimulus content-driven aspects of cognitive control.
Journal Article
3656 Mononeuritis multiplex without pain – be careful of dogma
Mononeuritis multiplex is a classic and distinct neuromuscular presentation in the vast majority of cases, with sequential sensorimotor deficits in the territory of discrete nerves, usually associated with significant pain and systemic features.Here we present a case of a 65-year-old man with a complex medical history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic osteomyelitis of the distal fibula following open fracture, with chronically-discharging sinus tract. In the context of his osteomyelitis, his immunosuppressive therapies for RA had been withheld for several weeks. He initially presented to hospital with general malaise and poor mobility and was admitted at a peripheral hospital. A subacute painless left foot drop was found, along with significant median nerve sensorimotor changes in both upper limbs, and he was admitted to our hospital for further evaluation. Neurophysiology and ancillary investigations were compatible with mononeuritis multiplex, with a rheumatoid vasculitis the favoured aetiology. Therapies for RA were reinstated and additional treatment with high-dose steroids, IVIG and rituximab were added. His progress has been slow, marked by the profound axonal loss noted on his neurophysiology, but no further deficits have occurred. As his immunotherapy was slowly weaned, he underwent successful surgical treatment of his osteomyelitis and sinus tract.This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of atypical presentations, discounts the dogma of mononeuritis multiplex needing to be painful, as well as the complexity of immunosuppression in the context of active infection.
Journal Article
