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is an historical drama written as a prequel to . It did this by weaving the history surrounding the Pirate Republic of New Providence Island around fiction to create a compelling narrative exploring the force and evils of law and empire, and the lengths that some will go to in order to resist and be free. This paper will examine as a social discourse text in order to critique the impact and tyranny, yet inevitability, of the law, and how soft power is feminised but requires queerness to be effective.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Bahamas archipelago is formed by young, tectonically stable carbonate banks that harbor direct geological evidence of global ice‐volume changes. We sought to detect signatures of major changes on gene flow patterns and reconstruct the phylogeographic history of the monophyletic Zamia pumila complex across the Bahamas. METHODS: Nuclear molecular markers with both high and low mutation rates were used to capture two different time scale signatures and test several gene flow and demographic hypotheses. KEY RESULTS: Single‐copy nuclear genes unveiled apparent ancestral admixture on Andros, suggesting a significant role of this island as main hub of diversity of the archipelago. We detected demographic and spatial expansion of the Zamia pumila complex on both paleo‐provinces around the Piacenzian (Pliocene)/Gelasian (Pleistocene). Populations evidenced signatures of different migration models that have occurred at two different times. Populations on Long Island (Z. lucayana) may either represent a secondary colonization of the Bahamas by Zamia or a rapid and early‐divergence event of at least one population on the Bahamas. CONCLUSIONS: Despite changes in migration patterns with global climate, expected heterozygosity with both marker systems remains within the range reported for cycads, but with significant levels of increased inbreeding detected by the microsatellites. This finding is likely associated with reduced gene flow between and within paleo‐provinces, accompanied by genetic drift, as rising seas enforced isolation. Our study highlights the importance of the maintenance of the predominant direction of genetic exchange and the role of overseas dispersion among the islands during climate oscillations.

Avian fossils give us a unique opportunity to assess changes through time in species diversity and distributions. We report a previously unstudied collection of ∼500 bird fossils from Banana Hole, New Providence Island, Commonwealth of The Bahamas. Based on comparisons with fossil sites of known age on Abaco, the species composition of the Banana Hole fossils suggests a late Pleistocene rather than Holocene age for the site, although this remains uncertain because of the inability to date the fossils radiometrically. The specimens represent 49 species (45 resident, 4 migratory), 25 of which had not been recorded before as fossils from Banana Hole. Among the 45 resident species, 4 are extinct and 17 others are extirpated from New Providence. Combining our data with those previously compiled from Banana Hole, 52 resident species of birds now are known from this site, among which 6 (12%) are extinct (a hawk [Buteo quadratus], eagle [Titanohierax gloveralleni], caracara [Caracara creightoni], barn-owl [Tyto pollens], thick-knee [Burhinus nanus], and snipe [Gallinago kakuki]), 18 (35%) are extirpated on New Providence but still live elsewhere, and 28 (54%) still occur on New Providence. The modern diversity and distribution of Bahamian birds reflects interrelated changes in climate, island size and isolation, and habitat during the Pleistocene–Holocene Transition (15,000 to 9,000 yr ago) as well as species lost since human arrival ∼1,000 yr ago.

Bay Street has always been at the centre of commercial, cultural and political life in the Bahama Islands. It also acts as a gateway for millions of tourists who come to Nassau, the Bahamian capital, via cruise ships every year. Not surprisingly, Bahamians and non-Bahamians have widely divergent impressions of Bay Street. The need to accommodate the tourists who are critical to the Bahamian economy has meant that Bay Street, despite its deep social significance for Bahamians, has increasingly become a tourist space. With reference to the ‘sense of place’ and place attachment literature, this paper traces the transformation of Bay Street and attempts to tease out the most obvious tensions between the Bay Street that Bahamians experience and Bay Street as a port of call.

Eight distinct rock units representing discrete high sea-level events have been identified on New Providence (NPI) and surrounding islands. Each is distinguished by a unique set of physical, biological, and geochemical characteristics. At least three of these units are new to the stratigraphic column of NPI since the landmark study of Garrett and Gould in 1984. Others previously described have been further clarified. A map of the surficial geology of NPI shows the areal distribution of the major units. Based on the number and character of paleosol-bounded limestone parasequences, it appears that at least five interglacial cycles are distinguishable. Whole-rock amino acid racemization (AAR) ratios confirm the stratigraphic sequence, and indicate that isotope Stages 1 through 11 are most likely included among eight depositional packages: (Stage 1-2 events; Stage 5-3 events; Stage 7-1 event; Stage 9-1 event; Stage 11 - 1 event). Six interglacial units on NPI contain intertidal sedimentary facies and shoreline indicators from which a highstand curve has been derived. Of particular significance is the recognition of higher-than-present paleosea levels associated with three middle Pleistocene units. Our findings indicate that the surficial geologic record of NPI is longer and more complex than previously thought, and that the northern Bahama Banks have experienced little if any subsidence over the past half-million years, based on the height of middle Pleistocene sea levels. The sea-level data from NPI and nearby islands have important implications for isotopic and tectonic coastline studies, and on the timing and effect of orbital parameters on sea-level and climate history during the late Quaternary.

Migration between New Providence Island and the rest of the Bahamas is considered under three headings: the spatial patterns of immigration and emigration; age, sex, occupation and income of migrants; and the net effect of migration on the demography of New Providence. (CP)

Long-term persistence of patterns in geographic variation within species is an interesting and puzzling phenomenon. I present a well-defined natural experiment in the land snail Cerion agassizi from the islands of Great Bahama Bank. C. agassizi is the best-known fossil of the ca. 120,000 years BP dunes of New Providence, Cat and Eleuthera Islands; populations have survived on Cat and Eleuthera. During the Wisconsin glacial advance, all these islands joined together in an emergent bank. Presence of the same species on two islands at two times permits a test for both time signatures (does change occur in the same manner on both islands) and island signatures (do aspects of shell phenotypes remain constant on each island through time). Factor and discriminant analyses establish morphological separations among fossil populations of the three islands. These differences occur along pathways specified by well-known covariance sets in the complex allometric ontogeny of Cerion. By these routes, small variations in the geometry of growth may be magnified to large differences in external appearance. I found a time signature, probably attributable to introgression of modern populations by Cerion glans on both Cat and Eleuthera. Despite the intermediate period of emergence and joining of all islands, I also found an island signature in the preservation through time, on both Cat and Eleuthera, of the differentia that separate fossil populations. The basic distinctions of the two islands, expressed as patterns of covariance in growth, have been stable for at least 120,000 years.

In the seventeenth-century English Atlantic, religious beliefs and practices played a central role in creating racial identity. English Protestantism provided a vocabulary and structure to describe and maintain boundaries between insider and outsider. In this path-breaking study, Heather Miyano Kopelson peels back the layers of conflicting definitions of bodies and competing practices of faith in the puritan Atlantic, demonstrating how the categories of white, black, and Indian developed alongside religious boundaries between Christian and heathen and between Catholic and Protestant.Faithful Bodiesfocuses on three communities of Protestant dissent in the Atlantic World: Bermuda, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. In this puritan Atlantic, religion determined insider and outsider status: at times Africans and Natives could belong as long as they embraced the Protestant faith, while Irish Catholics and English Quakers remained suspect. Colonists interactions with indigenous peoples of the Americas and with West Central Africans shaped their understandings of human difference and its acceptable boundaries. Prayer, religious instruction, sexual behavior, and other public and private acts became markers of whether or not blacks and Indians were sinning Christians or godless heathens. As slavery became law, transgressing people of color counted less and less as sinners in English puritans eyes, even as some of them made Christianity an integral part of their communities. As Kopelson shows, this transformation proceeded unevenly but inexorably during the long seventeenth century.

Describes the world's leading approach to art and design taught at Rhode Island School of Design At Rhode Island School of Design students are immersed in a culture where making questions, ideas, and objects, using and inventing materials, and activating experience all serve to define a form of critical thinking—albeit with one's hands—i.e. \"critical making.\" The Art of Critical Making, by RISD faculty and staff, describes fundamental aspects of RISD's approach to \"critical making\" and how this can lead to innovation. The process of making taught at RISD is deeply introspective, passionate, and often provocative. This book illuminates how RISD nurtures the creative process, from brief or prompt to outcome, along with guidance on the critical questions and research that enable making great works of art and design. * Explores the conceptual process, idea research, critical questions, and iteration that RISD faculty employ to educate students to generate thoughtful work * Authors are from the faculty and staff of the Rhode Island School of Design, which consistently ranks as the number one fine arts and design college in the United States The Art of Critical Making shows you how context, materials, thought processes, and self-evaluation are applied in this educational environment to prepare creative individuals to produce dynamic, memorable, and meaningful works.

Morang, A., 2016. Hurricane barriers in New England and New Jersey: History and status after five decades. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey suffered damage, flooding, and deaths from three major hurricanes in less than two decades during the mid-twentieth century. One of these, the Great New England Hurricane of 21 September 1938, caused unprecedented damage and flooded Providence, New London, and other urban areas. Following Hurricane Carol in 1954, the 84th Congress (1st Session, Public Law 71, 15 June 1955) authorized and directed the Secretary of the Army to conduct surveys and studies of damages, causes, and remediation measures with regard to hurricanes. After extensive studies during the late 1950s, Congress authorized and funded seven hurricane protection projects: (1) in Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (2) in New Bedford, Massachusetts, a barrier, navigation gates, and pumps; (3) in New London, Connecticut, a barrier and navigation gate; (4) in Pawcatuck, Connecticut, earthfill and concrete walls; (5) in Stamford, Connecticut, a barrier and pump station; (6) in Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays, New Jersey, levees, beach fill, and pumps; and (7) in Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts, a dam with locks and pumps. Most of the projects have not been tested with storm-water elevations near their design elevation. Exceptions are the Charles River dam, which helped prevent flooding during the Blizzard of 1978, and Raritan Bay, during Hurricane Sandy. For lower levels, all projects have performed as designed. After the flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, comprehensive hurricane barriers have been proposed for the New York area. Many major challenges would confront planners and designers of new hurricane barriers in the New York Bight area compared to the earlier projects: (1) Far more extensive environmental impact studies would have to be conducted now; (2) obtaining permits and negotiating property rights would be a challenging multiyear process; and (3) obtaining easements and construction access would be vastly more difficult now because of the substantially higher value of coastal real estate. En moins de deux décennies au cours du milieu du 20e siècle, trois ouragans majeurs ont causés des dégâts, des inondations, et des décès au Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut et au New Jersey. L'un d'eux, The Great New England Hurricane du 21 Septembre 1938, a causé des dommages sans précédent et a inondé la ville de Providence, de New London, ainsi que d'autres zones urbaines. Suite à l'ouragan Carol en 1954, le 84e Congrès (1re session, loi publique 71, 15 Juin 1955) a autorisé et chargé le Secrétaire de l'armée de mener des enquêtes et des études sur les dommages, les causes et les mesures de remédiations reliés aux ouragans. À la fin des années 1950, à la suite d'études exhaustives, le Congrès a autorisé et financé sept projets de protection contre les ouragans: (1) Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island - barrières, portes de navigation et pompes; (2) New Bedford, Massachusetts – barrière, portes de navigation et pompes; (3) New London, Connecticut - barrière et portes de navigation; (4) Pawcatuck, Connecticut – remblaiement et murs en béton; (5) Stamford, Connecticut – barrière et station de pompage; (6) Raritan et Sandy Hook Bays, New Jersey – digues, rechargement des plages et pompes; et (7) Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts – barrage mobile à battant et pompes. La plupart des projets n'ont pas été testés avec des niveaux d'eaux pluviales à proche de leur élévation limite. Les exceptions sont le barrage Charles River, qui a permis d'éviter des inondations pendant la tempête de 1978, et Raritan Bay, lors de l'ouragan Sandy. Pour des niveaux inférieurs, tous les projets ont fonctionné comme prévu. Après les inondations causées par l'ouragan Ike en 2011, des barrières pour ouragan de grande envergure ont été proposés pour la région de New York. En comparaison des projets de protections des années antérieurs, les nouveaux projets de barrières contre les ouragan de la région de New York présenteront des défis majeurs pour les planificateurs et les concepteurs: (1) les études d'impacts environnementaux seraient de beaucoup plus grandes envergures maintenant; (2) L'obtention de permis et la négociation des droits de propriété serait un processus difficile qui s'étendrait sur plusieurs années; et (3) l'obtention de droit de passage et l'accès à la construction serait beaucoup plus difficile aujourd'hui en raison de la valeur nettement plus élevée de l'immobilier en région côtière.