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Fungal diversity notes 1611–1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China
This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions. Ageratinicolaceae
fam. nov.
is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales. The new genera introduced in this study are
Ageratinicola
,
Kevinia
,
Pseudomultiseptospora
(Parabambusicolaceae),
Marasmiellomycena
, and
Vizzinia
(Porotheleaceae). Newly described species are
Abrothallus altoandinus
,
Ageratinicola kunmingensis
,
Allocryptovalsa aceris
,
Allophoma yuccae
,
Apiospora cannae
,
A. elliptica
,
A. pallidesporae
,
Boeremia wisteriae
,
Calycina papaeana
,
Clypeococcum lichenostigmoides
,
Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii
,
Cryphonectria kunmingensis
,
Diaporthe angustiapiculata
,
D. campylandrae
,
D. longipapillata
,
Diatrypella guangdongense
,
Dothiorella franceschinii
,
Endocalyx phoenicis
,
Epicoccum terminosporum
,
Fulvifomes karaiensis
,
F. pannaensis
,
Ganoderma ghatensis
,
Hysterobrevium baoshanense
,
Inocybe avellaneorosea
,
I. lucida
,
Jahnula oblonga
,
Kevinia lignicola
,
Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis
,
Laboulbenia caprina
,
L. clavulata
,
L. cobiae
,
L. cosmodisci
,
L. nilotica
,
L. omalii
,
L. robusta
,
L. similis
,
L. stigmatophora
,
Laccaria rubriporus
,
Lasiodiplodia morindae
,
Lyophyllum agnijum
,
Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis
,
Melomastia beihaiensis
,
Nemania guangdongensis
,
Nigrograna thailandica
,
Nigrospora ficuum
,
Oxydothis chinensis
,
O. yunnanensis
,
Petriella thailandica
,
Phaeoacremonium chinensis
,
Phialocephala chinensis
,
Phytophthora debattistii
,
Polyplosphaeria nigrospora
,
Pronectria loweniae
,
Seriascoma acutispora
,
Setoseptoria bambusae
,
Stictis anomianthi
,
Tarzetta tibetensis
,
Tarzetta urceolata
,
Tetraploa obpyriformis
,
Trichoglossum beninense
, and
Tricoderma pyrrosiae
. We provide an emendation for
Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides
var.
brevisporus
introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.
Journal Article
Four novels of the 1930s
Already a frequent contributor of well-crafted stories to The New Yorker when he turned to the larger canvas of the novel, John OHara wrote with unusual acuity about the power of status and class in American life. His reputation as a novelist rests largely on four extraordinary books published from 1934 to 1940. These early novels, like those of his contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, dramatize the longings and dashed hopes of a generation seduced and betrayed by the glittering temptations of the modern age.
BOOK
Insights into deployment of DNA markers in plant variety protection and registration
Key messageThe efficiency of phenotype-based assessments of plant variety protection and registration could be improved by the integration of DNA-based testing. We review the current and proposed models in the era of next-generation breeding.The current plant variety protection system relies on morphological description of plant varieties. Distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) assessments determine whether a new variety is distinguishable from common knowledge varieties and exhibits sufficient phenotypic uniformity and stability during two independent growing cycles. However, DUS assessment can be costly, time-consuming and often restricted to a relatively small number of traits that can be influenced by environmental conditions. This calls for the adoption of a DNA-based system which is endorsed by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). This could enable examiners to deploy trait-specific DNA markers in DUS testing as well as using such genetic markers to manage reference collections. Within UPOV’s system, breeders can freely use protected varieties in breeding programs. However, breeders of protected varieties may seek sharing in ownership of essentially derived varieties once it is proven that they, with the exception of a few distinctive DUS trait(s), conform to parental varieties in essential characteristics. As well as their complementary role in DUS testing, DNA markers have been known as a good replacement of morphological traits in defining boundaries between independently and essentially derived varieties. With the advent of new breeding technologies that allow minor modification in varieties with outcomes of specific merit or utility, detecting distinctness between varieties may become increasingly challenging. This, together with the ever-increasing number of varieties with which to compare new candidate varieties, supports the potential utility of using DNA-based approaches in variety description.
Journal Article
Principle and application of plant mutagenesis in crop improvement: a review
The first step in plant breeding is to identify suitable genotypes containing the desired genes among existing varieties, or to create one if it is not found in nature. In nature, variation occurs mainly as a result of mutations and without it, plant breeding would be impossible. In this context, the major aim in mutation-based breeding is to develop and improve well-adapted plant varieties by modifying one or two major traits to increase their productivity or quality. Both physical and chemical mutagenesis is used in inducing mutations in seeds and other planting materials. Then, selection for agronomic traits is done in the first generation, whereby most mutant lines may be discarded. The agronomic traits are confirmed in the second and third generations through evident phenotypic stability, while other evaluations are carried out in the subsequent generations. Finally, only the mutant lines with desirable traits are selected as a new variety or as a parent line for cross breeding. New varieties derived by induced mutatgenesis are used worldwide: rice in Vietnam, Thailand, China and the United States; durum wheat in Italy and Bulgaria; barley in Peru and European nations; soybean in Vietnam and China; wheat in China; as well as leguminous food crops in Pakistan and India. This paper integrates available data about the impact of mutation breeding-derived crop varieties around the world and highlights the potential of mutation breeding as a flexible and practicable approach applicable to any crop provided that appropriate objectives and selection methods are used.
Journal Article
Pathways to meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana
Meiosis is a central feature of sexual reproduction. Studies in plants have made and continue to make an important contribution to fundamental research aimed at the understanding of this complex process. Moreover, homologous recombination during meiosis provides the basis for plant breeders to create new varieties of crops. The increasing global demand for food, combined with the challenges from climate change, will require sustained efforts in crop improvement. An understanding of the factors that control meiotic recombination has the potential to make an important contribution to this challenge by providing the breeder with the means to make fuller use of the genetic variability that is available within crop species. Cytogenetic studies in plants have provided considerable insights into chromosome organization and behaviour during meiosis. More recently, studies, predominantly in Arabidopsis thaliana, are providing important insights into the genes and proteins that are required for crossover formation during plant meiosis. As a result, substantial progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin meiosis in plants has begun to emerge. This article summarizes current progress in the understanding of meiotic recombination and its control in Arabidopsis. We also assess the relationship between meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis and other eukaryotes, highlighting areas of close similarity and apparent differences.
Journal Article
Developments in breeding of Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus: progress made and technical and legal hurdles to take
True breeding of button mushrooms has hardly been done in the last decades, despite this species being one of the most cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Research done in the last 20 years has identified and characterised new germplasm and improved our understanding of the genetic base for some traits. A substantial collection of wild-collected strains is now available and partly characterised for a number of important traits such as disease resistance and yield. Most of the variations found in a number of important agronomic traits have a considerable heritability and are thus useful for breeding. Genetic marker technology has also developed considerably for this mushrooms in the last decade and used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for important agronomic traits. This progress has, except for one example, not resulted so far into new commercially varieties. One of the reasons lies in the typical life cycle of the button mushroom
Agaricus bisporus
var.
bisporus
which hampers breeding. Joint investment is needed to solve technical problems in breeding. Special attention is needed for the protection of new varieties. Due to its typical life cycle, it is very easy to generate so called “look-a-likes” from protected cultivars by screening fertile single spore cultures. A consensus has been reached within the mushroom (breeding) industry to consider this method as the generation of essentially derived varieties as defined in plant breeding.
Journal Article
Promoting the New Superior Variety of National Hybrid Maize: Improve Farmer Satisfaction to Enhance Production
Farmers’ satisfaction with new superior varieties (NSVs) is a critical strategy for boosting their adoption. Out of 48 national NSV hybrids produced, only three, including Nasa-29, JH-37, and Bima-10, have been widely distributed at the farmer level. However, no studies have been carried out to establish farmers’ satisfaction of any of the three hybrid maize varieties. As a result, the main aim of this study is to establish farmers’ satisfaction of three-hybrid maize. The survey was conducted in three South Sulawesi maize production districts: Bone, Gowa, and North Luwu, representing the east, west, and transitional zones. A total of 150 farmers from three districts were then deliberately chosen as respondents. Variables such as seed availability, cultivation technology, post-harvest, and product marketing were monitored during our assessment. The data were then analyzed using the importance performance analysis (IPA) method. The findings indicate that seed quality and quantity, disease resistance, low yield, and productivity are the variables that require intervention to improve farmer satisfaction with the superiority of the national hybrid maize NSV. The low price of seeds, the ability to grow at 15 days, the small size of the cob, ease of harvest, and the accessibility of marketing the product at the best price were then deemed adequate variables.
Journal Article
Low-density SNP marker sets for genetic variation analysis and variety identification in cultivated citrus
Background
The
Citrus
species are major fruit crops cultivated in the world and have complex genetic relationships due to sexual comparability between
Citrus
and related genera. Of these, satsuma mandarin (
C. unshiu
(Mak.) Marc.) and sweet orange (
C. sinensis
(L.) Osb.) are widely grown diploid species. In this study, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for investigating genetic variation in a citrus collection.
Results
A total of 26,903 high-quality SNPs were detected across nine chromosomes in the 144 citrus varieties, consisting of 70
C. unshiu
, 40
C. sinensis
, 22 interspecific hybrids, and 12 others. Of these, a core set of 481 SNPs was filtered based on polymorphism information content and genome distribution. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and model-based clustering showed genetic differentiation between
C. unshiu
and
C. sinensis
. For interspecific hybrids, these were separated from two species in PCA, but were mixed with each species in model-based clustering. Significant genetic differentiations between three populations were also found using the pairwise
F
st
. In addition, interspecific hybrids showed higher level of genetic diversity relative to the
C. unshiu
and
C. sinensis
populations. With the 481 SNPs, four subsets (192, 96, 48, and 24 SNPs) were generated to evaluate their performance for variety identification. Both 192 and 96 SNP sets distinguished all 144 varieties, while the 48 and 24 SNP sets separated 134 (93.1%) and 110 (76.4%), respectively.
Conclusions
The GBS-based SNP discovery led to robust and cost-effective molecular marker sets to assess genetic variation in the cultivated citrus species with narrow genetic bases. The resulting SNP sets are a resource to enhance the phenotype-based DUS testing by developing a DNA barcode system and thus facilitate new variety breeding and protection in citrus.
Journal Article
Breeding of a new variety of peanut with high-oleic-acid content and high-yield by marker-assisted backcrossing
Peanut (
Arachis hypogaea
L.) is an important crop used for oil production, and oleic acid is a major factor in determining oil quality. Alterations in the oleic acid content can improve the nutritional quality and oxidative stability and prolong the shelf life of peanut products. The objective of this study was to develop a peanut variety with a high-oleic-acid content and high yield. One elite variety, “huayu22,” was hybridized with the high-oleic-acid “KN176” donor and backcrossed for four generations as the recurrent parent using
fad2
marker-assisted backcross selection. Based on the Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) screening of
fad2
markers, the oleic acid content of advanced generations derived by selfing was assessed by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The genetic background recovery rate of four BC
4
F
4
lines showed an average of 92.34% and was confirmed by genotyping using the Axiom_
Arachis
58 K SNP array. Across these superior lines in BC
4
F
6
generations, one line with a high-oleic-acid content and high yield was detected and named “YH61.” In particular, yield comparison experiments showed that YH61 exhibited high and stable yield at three different locations and was moderately resistant to leaf spot disease. The distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing for two consecutive years suggested that YH61 reached the standard for variety rights application. The use of the peanut variety YH61 contributed to the expansion of the cultivation area due to its high value in the oleic acid market and the proven economic benefits in China. This study demonstrated that the marker-assisted backcross strategy based on a cost-effective KASP assay and SNP array for the detection of mutations in
fad2
and genetic background evaluation can be used to create efficient peanut breeding programs and contribute to oil quality and high-yield stability.
Journal Article