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Data on air temperature, sea surface temperature, wind direction, and tide levels were obtained from Japan Meteorological Agency (http://www.jma.go.jp), while seawater temperatures were obtained from HOBO temperature loggers deployed in three reef sites (Mizugama, Motobu, and Sesoko Island; Fig. 2). Triple arrows indicate wind direction during sampling periods [See PDF for image] Fig. 2 Temperatures and tide levels in Okinawa-jima Island before, during, and after the cold snap. a Min. air temp. (°C) for the current year (2023; solid line), Ave. min. air temp. (°C) from the past 6 years (2017–2022; dashed line), and sea surface temperature (dotted line) for Naha City, Okinawa-jima Is. b Ave. seawater temperature (°C) from three reef sites (3 loggers per site, all at around 3 m depth): Mizugama, Okinawa-jima Is. (cyan line), Sesoko Island (light blue line), and Motobu, Okinawa-jima Is. (dark blue line). Light color shading delineates the period of the cold snap A total of 169 stranded dead fishes from 17 families were recorded in both sites during the study period. The highest fish mortality was observed during the peak of the cold snap (T1), followed by a significant decline on the following day (T2) for both sites (Fig. 3).

In this study, two specimens of C. regani deposited at the Natural History Museum, London [BMNH 1996.2.14.40–43 (2 of 4 specimens), females, 89.2–129.0 mm in standard length (SL)], were dissected after staining with Alizarin Red-S and Alcian Blue. [...]the organ was not observed in an unidentified species of a cetomimid genus Cetomimus by external examinations of two female specimens deposited at the Hokkaido University Museum, Hakodate (HUMZ 185368, 187123, 80.0–82.1 mm SL). Declarations Conflicts of interest The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. DyaL2sXpvFKktg%3D%3D [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3812690] Jiang, H; Hu, J; Xie, H; Zhang, M; Guo, C; Zhang, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, C; Xu, S; Wang, D; Yan, X; Wang, Y; Wang, X. Morphological and molecular functional evidence of the pharyngeal sac in the digestive tract of silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus.

Field observations of S. nigricans, S. lividus, and D. prosopotaenia were carried out at a site of four small patchy reefs (Reef A = 0.6 m2 × 1.15 m height, B = 0.5 m2 × 0.5 m, C = 0.3 m2 × 0.95 m, D = 1.6 m2 × 1.05 m) in the shallow (< 2 m deep) backreef (Fig. 1), where the species were abundant and the numbers of individuals in each species were censused in 2007 and 2009 (Hattori and Shibuno 2010, 2015). [See PDF for image] Fig. 1 Aerial images depicting the study site in the shallow backreef of Shiraho, Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and substrate composition of the seafloor. a Commercial high-resolution aerial image captured in 2006 from by PASCO Co. from an altitude of 1,500 m (Ishigaki C-19-1608, 1/10,000, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan). Significant changing outlines of substrate compositions during the study period prevented reliable calculation of the area of each composition. Mean standard length (SL), mean area of territory, basement category of territory, mean time (% proportion of 5-min obs.) spent inside reef, and mean frequency of intra- and interspecific interactions of the three algal farmers Species (size category) Mean SL [number of individual] (SD) Mean area (m2)* of territory (SD) Basement categories inside territory Behavioral observations Seagrass beds Sandy bottom Patchy reef Number of 5-min obs.

[...]cleaners acquire food and clients are freed from unwanted organisms and material. In one of the events, a group of six pufferfish lingered and posed horizontally in a slightly head-up position near the surface at a cleaning station with no cleaner visible and no other potential client present at this moment (Fig. 1). At another station with no other potential client present, I observed a group of seven pufferfish posing and being inspected and cleaned by the batfish (Fig. 3). Declarations Conflict of interest The author declared that he has no conflict of interest.

John was appointed Curator of Fishes at AMS in 1968, by Director Professor Frank H Talbot (another ichthyologist of note), succeeding Talbot and Gilbert P Whitley, the latter who had dominated Australian ichthyology for decades. John was a participant in several iconic expeditions including Lord Howe Island in 1973, which contributed to Lord Howe Island being granted World Heritage status, the first Australian Museum collecting trip to the Lizard Island Research Station in 1974, the “Far North Queensland” collecting trip in the extreme north of the Great Barrier Reef in 1979, and several cruises on research vessels of other nations outside Australian waters ranging from the eastern Pacific to the western Indian oceans. Threatened species conservation generally was among John’s interests, and he co-authored a landmark report in 2002: “Conservation Overview and Action Plan for Australian Threatened and Potentially Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes”.

Changing environmental conditions (water transparency, weather, and tide) in the estuarine bay allowed me to carry out 27 above surface observational sessions of 2–26 min (totalling 304 min) distributed over 24 days from 17 December 2021 to 14 May 2022 during daily walking on the embankment (see Sazima 2021). The proportion of diseased individuals varied from 3.3 to 15% in 11 groups of eight to 43 mullets at or near cleaning stations. [See PDF for image] Fig. 1 A possible pathway to spread pathogens between fishes: a juvenile silver trevally Pseudocaranx dentex closely associated to a sand mullet Myxus elongatus with skin lesions at an urban estuary in Australia [See PDF for image] Fig. 2 A possible increase of the chance to spread pathogens between fishes: a juvenile silver trevally Pseudocaranx dentex mingles with a mullet school cleaned by the silver batfish Monodactylus argenteus at an urban estuary in Australia. Escorting is recorded for juvenile trevallies and other jack species for various causes including food acquisition, chafing surface, and protection from predators (see references above and Inagaki et al. 2020). [...]chafing against animals receives more attention, possibly due to the eye-catching nature of the living substrate: sharks, manta rays, and sea turtles (Papastamatiou et al. 2007; Grossman et al. 2009; Krajewski et al. 2017; Nicholson-Jack et al. 2021; Williams et al. 2022). Fish species such as luderick, white trevally, sand mullet, and silver batfish, which dwell in estuaries or freshwater as a nursery habitat and latter move to marine or more open habitats or vice versa (Kuiter 2016), have the potential to carry parasites from one habitat to the other (Gillanders et al. 2003). [...]disease transmission in brackish water of the estuary may be a way to spread pathogens between freshwater and marine habitats, as some parasite types are able to undergo transitions between freshwater and marine environments (Okamura et al. 2022).

[See PDF for image] Fig. 2 a A juvenile of Canthidermis maculata swimming beside floating pumice in the surf at Sakiyama Beach on 24 October 2021. b Juveniles heading offshore along a narrow pumice zone at Sakiyama Beach on 20 October and c at Hentona Beach (26°45'N, 128°10'E) on 27 October. d A juvenile staying close to pumice stones photographed from below the sea surface at Sakiyama Beach on 28 October On the first visit to Sakiyama Beach on 20 October 2021 many pumice stones were found washed up on the beach (Fig. 1b). A small number of larger pumice stones were floating along the offshore edge of the pumice zone in the surf (Fig. 2c), where we found a small number of juvenile Canthidermis maculata of 1–9 cm TL and one juvenile of the common dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus of 4.5 cm TL but no other fish species. When approached by wading or snorkelling, C. maculata juveniles escaped by swimming under or beside the floating pumice stones (ESM Video S1), often heading offshore along a narrow pumice zone extending out from the surf zone (Fig. 2b, c). [...]the fact that the number of juvenile C. maculata decreased as the size of the pumice stones became finer (Fig. 1b–d and ESM Table S2), suggests that the effectiveness of the protective resemblance decreases as the size of the pumice stones does, due to them no longer resembling their own size. [...]if C. maculata juveniles were protected from predation by using the pumice raft simply as a hiding structure, it is possible that juveniles of other species could do so as well, but only a very small number of Co. hippurus juveniles, other than C. maculata, accompanied the pumice rafts.

Morphometrics of the hypermelanic Triportheus auritus specimen Character Measure (mm) %SL Total length 225.0 Standard length 187.0 Head length 42.1 22.51 Snout to anal-fin origin 141.0 75.40 Snout to dorsal-fin origin 123.0 65.77 Snout to pelvic-fin origin 89.8 48.02 Anal-fin base length 33.8 18.07 Caudal-peduncle length 12.1 6.47 Caudal-peduncle height 16.1 8.61 Dorsal-fin base length 18.4 9.83 Dorsal-fin height 15.6 8.34 Pectoral-fin length 61.5 32.88 Pelvic-fin length 26.6 14.22 SL standard length The hypermelanic T. auritus specimen is an adult of 194.0 mm SL, apparently healthy and with no evidences of injuries or presence of parasites. The histological analysis of a hypermelanic scale (Fig. 1c) showed differences in color pattern when compared to a sample from normal-colored T. auritus. Despite the plausible relation between the occurrence of hypermelanistic fish and black waters, the rarity of the case reported herein (only one hypermelanic known specimen for an abundant and widespread species) suggests that the observed case of hypermelanosis represents an individual abnormality in the T. auritus population. A particular case has been documented to a single specimen of the marine ray Raja montagui (Rajidae), which presented hypermelanosis in parts of the cartilaginous skeleton, probably resulting from some metabolic disturbance (Harper 1932).