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Welding metallurgy and weldability
\"This book describes the weldability aspects of many structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys. The basic mechanisms of weldability are described and methods to improve weldability are described. Specific topics include solidification and liquation cracking, solid-state cracking, hydrogen cracking, fracture and fatigue, and corrosion. Methods for interpretation of weld failures using computational and characterization techniques are described\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Welding metallurgy and weldability
Describes the weldability aspects of structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, including steels, stainless steels, Ni-base alloys, and Al-base alloys Welding Metallurgy and Weldability describes weld failure mechanisms associated with either fabrication or service, and failure mechanisms related to microstructure of the weldment. Weldability issues are divided into fabrication and service related failures; early chapters address hot cracking, warm (solid-state) cracking, and cold cracking that occur during initial fabrication, or repair. Guidance on failure analysis is also provided, along with examples of SEM fractography that will aid in determining failure mechanisms. Welding Metallurgy and Weldability examines a number of weldability testing techniques that can be used to quantify susceptibility to various forms of weld cracking. Describes the mechanisms of weldability along with methods to improve weldability Includes an introduction to weldability testing and techniques, including strain-to-fracture and Varestraint tests Chapters are illustrated with practical examples based on 30 plus years of experience in the field Illustrating the weldability aspects of structural materials used in a wide variety of engineering structures, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability provides engineers and students with the information needed to understand the basic concepts of welding metallurgy and to interpret the failures in welded components.
eBook
Nickel
\"When you think of nickel, a 5-cent coin probably comes to mind. But nickel is used for so much more than manufacturing coins. Nickel and nickel-containing alloys are very important in our society. Nickel is used in the construction, transportation, power, high-tech and many other industries. This book tells the fascinating story of how nickel was discovered, how ore containing nickel is mined and extracted, the properties that make nickel so useful, and how nickel's many uses and applications make the high-tech world we live in possible. It also provides students with up-to-date resources to continue their research.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Enhancement of Photoelectrochemical Reduction by LaFeO.sub.3 Photocathodes Coated with Electroless Deposited Nickel Boride Catalyst
Great efforts have been paid to enhance the photoelectrochemical performances of LaFeO.sub.3. However, there have rarely been reported about modifying of LaFeO.sub.3 with transitional metal borides for enhanced photoelectrochemical activities. Herein, we prepared LFO/Ni-B composite electrodes by immersing LFO into the prepared electroless plating solution. The optimized LFO/Ni-B composite exhibits a 373% improvement of the photocurrent density and exhibits an anodic shift of onset potential. Systematic studies reveal that the improvement of PEC activity should be attributed to enhanced electrochemically active surface area and electrocatalytic properties, reduced resistance of the PEC system, and a more pronounced downward band bending at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface.
Journal Article
Nickel: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology
Nickel is a transition element extensively distributed in the environment, air, water, and soil. It may derive from natural sources and anthropogenic activity. Although nickel is ubiquitous in the environment, its functional role as a trace element for animals and human beings has not been yet recognized. Environmental pollution from nickel may be due to industry, the use of liquid and solid fuels, as well as municipal and industrial waste. Nickel contact can cause a variety of side effects on human health, such as allergy, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, lung fibrosis, lung and nasal cancer. Although the molecular mechanisms of nickel-induced toxicity are not yet clear, mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress are thought to have a primary and crucial role in the toxicity of this metal. Recently, researchers, trying to characterize the capability of nickel to induce cancer, have found out that epigenetic alterations induced by nickel exposure can perturb the genome. The purpose of this review is to describe the chemical features of nickel in human beings and the mechanisms of its toxicity. Furthermore, the attention is focused on strategies to remove nickel from the environment, such as phytoremediation and phytomining.
Journal Article
Mercaptobenzothiazole-functionalized magnetic carbon nanospheres of type Fe.sub.3O.sub.4@SiO.sub.2@C for the preconcentration of nickel, copper and lead prior to their determination by ICP-MS
The authors describe double-shell magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) to give nanospheres of the type MBT-Fe.sub.3O.sub.4@SiO.sub.2@C). These are shown to be viable and acid-resistant adsorbents for magnetic separation of the heavy metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II). MBT act as a binding reagent, and the carbon shell and the silica shell protect the magnetic core. Following 12 min incubation, the loaded nanospheres are magnetically separated, the ions are eluted with 2 M nitric acid and then determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The limits of detection of this method are 2, 82 and 103 ng Lâ¾.sup.1 for Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) ions, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (for n = 7) are 6, 7.8, and 7.4 %. The protocol is successfully applied to the quantitation of these ions in tap water and food samples (mint, cabbage, potato, peas). Recoveries from spiked water samples ranged from 97 to 100 %.
Journal Article
Calcium-dependent cyto- and genotoxicity of nickel metal and nickel oxide nanoparticles in human lung cells
Background
Genotoxicity is an important toxicological endpoint due to the link to diseases such as cancer. Therefore, an increased understanding regarding genotoxicity and underlying mechanisms is needed for assessing the risk with exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of this study was to perform an in-depth investigation regarding the genotoxicity of well-characterized Ni and NiO NPs in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells and to discern possible mechanisms. Comparisons were made with NiCl
2
in order to elucidate effects of ionic Ni.
Methods
BEAS-2B cells were exposed to Ni and NiO NPs, as well as NiCl
2
, and uptake and cellular dose were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The NPs were characterized in terms of surface composition (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), agglomeration (photon cross correlation spectroscopy) and nickel release in cell medium (ICP-MS). Cell death (necrosis/apoptosis) was investigated by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and genotoxicity by cytokinesis-block micronucleus (cytome) assay (OECD 487), chromosomal aberration (OECD 473) and comet assay. The involvement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium was explored using the fluorescent probes, DCFH-DA and Fluo-4.
Results
NPs were efficiently taken up by the BEAS-2B cells. In contrast, no or minor uptake was observed for ionic Ni from NiCl
2
. Despite differences in uptake, all exposures (NiO, Ni NPs and NiCl
2
) caused chromosomal damage. Furthermore, NiO NPs were most potent in causing DNA strand breaks and generating intracellular ROS. An increase in intracellular calcium was observed and modulation of intracellular calcium by using inhibitors and chelators clearly prevented the chromosomal damage. Chelation of iron also protected against induced damage, particularly for NiO and NiCl
2
.
Conclusions
This study has revealed chromosomal damage by Ni and NiO NPs as well as Ni ionic species and provides novel evidence for a calcium-dependent mechanism of cyto- and genotoxicity.
Journal Article
Nickel-hydrogen batteries for large-scale energy storage
Large-scale energy storage is of significance to the integration of renewable energy into electric grid. Despite the dominance of pumped hydroelectricity in the market of grid energy storage, it is limited by the suitable site selection and footprint impact. Rechargeable batteries show increasing interests in the large-scale energy storage; however, the challenging requirement of low-cost materials with long cycle and calendar life restricts most battery chemistries for use in the grid storage. Recently we introduced a concept of manganese-hydrogen battery with Mn2+/MnO₂ redox cathode paired with H⁺/H₂ gas anode, which has a long life of 10,000 cycles and with potential for grid energy storage. Here we expand this concept by replacing Mn2+/MnO₂ redox with a nickel-based cathode, which enables ∼10× higher areal capacity loading, reaching ∼35 mAh cm−2. We also replace high-cost Pt catalyst on the anode with a low-cost, bifunctional nickel-molybdenum-cobalt alloy, which could effectively catalyze hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions in alkaline electrolyte. Such a nickel-hydrogen battery exhibits an energy density of ∼140 Wh kg−1 (based on active materials) in aqueous electrolyte and excellent rechargeability with negligible capacity decay over 1,500 cycles. The estimated cost of the nickel-hydrogen battery based on active materials reaches as low as ∼$83 per kilowatt-hour, demonstrating attractive characteristics for large-scale energy storage.
Journal Article
Improving corrosion resistance of additively manufactured nickel–titanium biomedical devices by micro-arc oxidation process
Nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloys have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties, i.e., shape memory effect and superelasticity. In addition, these promising alloys demonstrate unique biocompatibility, represented in their high stability and corrosion resistance in aqueous environments, qualifying them to be used inside the human body. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) processes have been envisioned as an enabling method for the efficient production of NiTi components with complex geometries as patient-specific implants. In spite of its great capabilities, AM as a novel fabrication process may reduce the corrosion resistance of NiTi parts leading to the excess release of the harmful Ni ions as the main corrosion byproducts. The main goal of this study is to create and evaluate a micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating in order to enhance the corrosion resistance of additively manufacture NiTi medical devices. To this end, the process voltage and electrolyte used to produce MAO coating have been investigated and optimized. The corrosion characteristics of the MAO-coated specimens revealed that the proposed coating methodology significantly improves the corrosion resistance of NiTi parts produced using AM process.
Journal Article
How to Get What You Need (or Want)
Everything we ask for these days needs some sort of justification--a detailed reason why we need the thing we want or need. Being under budget and having money left over is no longer enough. Every nickel must be explained and begged for to countless people above you who may or may not (probably) know anything about your business or why you need the person or asset that you are requesting. It is very frustrating. Nine of 10 times, they will say, \"no,\" but not for the reason you might think. \"No\" does not mean that they think you do not need the asset in question. Rather, it means, \"You haven't convinced me to change from the way we are doing it now, so we have decided to maintain the status quo.\"
Journal Article