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Overnight : journeys, conversations and stories after dark
There is something special about the night. For many, just the idea of it conjures thoughts of starlit skies, romance, refuge, of being tucked up in bed. For some, the night means fear, vulnerability, danger, sleeplessness. For others still, nightfall signals the start of work. At night things go bump, monsters hide under beds, owls take wing and foxes prowl. 'Overnight' is a celebration of all things nocturnal, of those who labour while the rest of us sleep: the bakers, health workers, sailors, couriers, broadcasters, drivers, fishers, the men and women of the emergency services and more. And it is also a hymn to nighttime wildlife, dreams and art. We'll hang out with bats and look at the stars. We'll learn what Moomintroll has to teach us about insomnia. We'll travel by ship, train, racing car and foot. There will be more than one surprise along the way.
BOOK
Why trees grow at night
• The timing of diel stem growth of mature forest trees is still largely unknown, as empirical data with high temporal resolution have not been available so far. Consequently, the effects of day–night conditions on tree growth remained uncertain.
• Here we present the first comprehensive field study of hourly-resolved radial stem growth of seven temperate tree species, based on 57 million underlying data points over a period of up to 8 yr.
• We show that trees grow mainly at night, with a peak after midnight, when the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the lowest. A high VPD strictly limits radial stem growth and allows little growth during daylight hours, except in the early morning. Surprisingly, trees also grow in moderately dry soil when the VPD is low. Species-specific differences in diel growth dynamics show that species able to grow earlier during the night are associated with the highest number of hours with growth per year and the largest annual growth increment.
• We conclude that species with the ability to overcome daily water deficits faster have greater growth potential. Furthermore, we conclude that growth is more sensitive than carbon uptake to dry air, as growth stops before stomata are known to close.
Journal Article
Song for a summer night : a lullaby
\"As night falls on a soft summer evening, children are drawn out of their houses by the sights and sounds of the world after dark\"--Front jacket flap.
Book
Targeting ON-bipolar cells by AAV gene therapy stably reverses LRIT3-congenital stationary night blindness
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)–based gene therapies aimed at curing inherited retinal diseases to date have typically focused on photoreceptors and retinal pigmented epithelia within the relatively accessible outer retina. However, therapeutic targeting in diseases such as congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) that involve defects in ON-bipolar cells (ON-BCs) within the midretina has been challenged by the relative inaccessibility of the target cell in intact retinas, the limited transduction efficiency of these cells by existing AAV serotypes, poor availability of established ON-BC–specific promoters, and the absence of appropriate patient-relevant large animal models. Here, we demonstrate safe and effective ON-BC targeting by AAV gene therapy in a recently characterized naturally occurring canine model of CSNB: leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like and transmembrane domain 3 (LRIT3)–CSNB. To effectively target ON-BCs, AAV capsid variants with ON-BC tropism and ON-BC–specific modified GRM6 promoters were adopted to ensure cell-specific transgene expression. Subretinal injection of one vector, AAVK9#4-shGRM6-cLRIT3-WPRE, significantly recovered rod-derived b-wave in all treated eyes (six of six) of adult dogs injected at 1 to 3 y of age. The robust therapeutic effect was evident 7 wk postinjection and sustained for at least 1 y in all treated eyes. Scotopic vision was significantly improved in treated eyes based on visually guided obstacle course navigation. Restoration of LRIT3 signals was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Thus, we report ON-BC functional rescue in a large animal model using an AAV capsid variant and modified promoter construct optimized for ON-BC specificity, thereby establishing both proof of concept and a translational platform for treatment of CSNB in patients with defects in photoreceptor-to-bipolar signaling.
Journal Article
Haiku night
Share the wonder of nighttime with baby! Simple poems and delightful illustrations celebrate the enchanting world that comes to life once baby is asleep.
Book
How to schedule night shift work in order to reduce health and safety risks
Objectives This discussion paper aims to provide scientifically based recommendations on night shift schedules, including consecutive shifts, shift intervals and duration of shifts, which may reduce health and safety risks. Short-term physiological effects in terms of circadian disruption, inadequate sleep duration and quality, and fatigue were considered as possible links between night shift work and selected health and safety risks, namely, cancer, cardio-metabolic disease, injuries, and pregnancy-related outcomes. Method In early 2020, 15 experienced shift work researchers participated in a workshop where they identified relevant scientific literature within their main research area. Results Knowledge gaps and possible recommendations were discussed based on the current evidence. The consensus was that schedules which reduce circadian disruption may reduce cancer risk, particularly for breast cancer, and schedules that optimize sleep and reduce fatigue may reduce the occurrence of injuries. This is generally achieved with fewer consecutive night shifts, sufficient shift intervals, and shorter night shift duration. Conclusions Based on the limited, existing literature, we recommend that in order to reduce the risk of injuries and possibly breast cancer, night shift schedules have: (i) ≤3 consecutive night shifts; (ii) shift intervals of ≥11 hours; and (iii) ≤9 hours shift duration. In special cases - eg, oil rigs and other isolated workplaces with better possibilities to adapt to daytime sleep - additional or other recommendations may apply. Finally, to reduce risk of miscarriage, pregnant women should not work more than one night shift in a week.
Journal Article
Firefly home
\"There's no place like home. But poor Florence Firefly is lost, and there are so many bright lights shining in the night sky that she doesn't know which way to go. She'll need some help to find her way back home.\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Evidence for a Retroviral Insertion in TRPM1 as the Cause of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness and Leopard Complex Spotting in the Horse
Leopard complex spotting is a group of white spotting patterns in horses caused by an incompletely dominant gene (LP) where homozygotes (LP/LP) are also affected with congenital stationary night blindness. Previous studies implicated Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel, Subfamily M, Member 1 (TRPM1) as the best candidate gene for both CSNB and LP. RNA-Seq data pinpointed a 1378 bp insertion in intron 1 of TRPM1 as the potential cause. This insertion, a long terminal repeat (LTR) of an endogenous retrovirus, was completely associated with LP, testing 511 horses (χ(2)=1022.00, p<<0.0005), and CSNB, testing 43 horses (χ(2)=43, p<<0.0005). The LTR was shown to disrupt TRPM1 transcription by premature poly-adenylation. Furthermore, while deleterious transposable element insertions should be quickly selected against the identification of this insertion in three ancient DNA samples suggests it has been maintained in the horse gene pool for at least 17,000 years. This study represents the first description of an LTR insertion being associated with both a pigmentation phenotype and an eye disorder.
Journal Article
Novel CACNA1F pathogenic variant in pediatric incomplete X-linked CSNB: integrating portable ERG and genetic analysis
Purpose
To report a novel hemizygous nonsense variant in the
CACNA1F
gene associated with congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in a pediatric patient, emphasizing the utility of portable electroretinography (ERG) and genetic testing in diagnosing unexplained visual impairments.
Methods
The patient, a 5-year-old male, underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation, including detailed anterior segment and fundus examinations, full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) using a RETeval™ portable device, and whole exome sequencing (WES) to elucidate the genetic basis of his visual impairment. Structural modeling of the mutated protein was performed using SWISS-MODEL and PYMOL.
Results
Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.4 logMAR bilaterally, with unremarkable anterior segment and fundus examinations. FFERG revealed significant abnormalities consistent with incomplete CSNB: severely reduced rod response in dark-adapted (DA) 0.01, negative waveform with b/a wave ratio < 1.0 in DA 3.0, and diminished cone response in light-adapted ERG. WES identified a novel pathogenic variant in the
CACNA1F
gene (c.1234G > T, p.E412*), inherited maternally. This variant introduces a premature stop codon at position 412, likely resulting in a truncated
CACNA1F
protein.
Conclusions
This case highlights the importance of comprehensive clinical assessments and genetic testing in pediatric patients with unexplained visual impairments, revealing a novel
CACNA1F
variant that expands our understanding of CSNB. The use of a portable ERG device proved particularly valuable in assessing retinal function in this young patient. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the clinical implications of this novel pathogenic variant.
Journal Article