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Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin synthesis, and its natural inhibitors are receiving increasing attention. Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil (RDEO), as important functional metabolites, was widely known due to its biological activities. But its tyrosinase inhibitory activity has not been detailed investigated. Therefore, in this paper, RDEO was comprehensively investigated the tyrosinase inhibitory, followed by the phytochemical composition analysis. Activity screening results showed that RDEO exhibited effective anti-tyrosinase activity and was a reversible and mixed-type inhibitor. CD assay results revealed that RDEO could affect the conformation of tyrosinase to reduce the activity. In B16F10 cells, RDEO (25–100 μg/mL) could inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity and decrease melanin content. Finally, GC-MS analysis of RDEO found that citronellol (21.22%), geraniol (14.1%), eicosane (11.03%), heneicosane (6.65%) and 1-nonadecene (5.16%) were its main phytochemical compositions. This study provided data support for Rosa × damascena Herrm. essential oil as one potential natural tyrosinase inhibitor and its applications in cosmetics and medicine.

Soil houses a vast array of microbial diversity. Cultured soil microbes have been a good source of many commercial drugs. In the present study, a fungal culture (SSSIHL-01) isolated from soil has been identified as Aspergillus arcoverdensis through morphology and ITS gene sequence. Extracellular culture extract and mycelial extract of the strain SSSIHL-01 were obtained using specific conditions and were evaluated for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Culture extract at 700 µg/mL concentration, showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging capacity with 95.06% comparable with the standard ascorbic acid. At 1 mg/mL concentration, mycelial extract inhibited heat induced Bovine Serum Albumin denaturation of about 31.54% compared to that of 51% produced by the standard diclofenac sodium. Chemical profiling of both the culture and mycelial extracts were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Some of the major compounds identified from the culture extract were 2,4-ditert-butylphenol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-octadecene, 1-nonadecene that are known to be antioxidative. Mycelial extract presented some major compounds such as ethyl linoleate, oleic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid and ethyl palmitate that are reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, our study highlights the significance of Aspergillus arcoverdensis as an effective producer of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds for future utility in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

A desirable substitute for chemical pesticides is mycopesticides. In the current investigation, rDNA-ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and TEF (Transcriptional Elongation Factor) sequencing were used for molecular identification of six Beauveria bassiana strains. Both, leaf discs and potted plant bioassaye were carried out to study their pathogenicity against the cassava mite, Tetranychus truncatus . LC 50 and LC 90 values of potential B . bassiana strains were estimated. We also discovered a correlation between intraspecific B . bassiana strains pathogenicity and comprehensive metabolome profiles. Bb5, Bb6, Bb8, Bb12, Bb15, and Bb21 strains were identified as B . bassiana by sequencing of rDNA-ITS and TEF segments and sequence comparison to NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GenBank. Out of the six strains tested for pathogenicity, Bb6, Bb12, and Bb15 strains outperformed against T . truncatus with LC 50 values 1.4×10 6 , 1.7×10 6 , and 1.4×10 6 and with a LC 90 values 7.3×10 7 , 1.4×10 8 , and 4.2×10 8 conidia/ml, respectively, at 3 days after inoculation and were considered as potential strains for effective mite control. Later, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the above six B . bassiana strains was done on secondary metabolites extracted with ethyl acetate revealed that the potential B . bassiana strains (Bb6, Bb12, and Bb15) have higher levels of acaricidal such as Bis(dimethylethyl)-phenol: Bb6 (5.79%), Bb12 (6.15%), and Bb15 (4.69%). Besides, insecticidal ( n -Hexadecanoic acid), and insect innate immunity overcoming compound (Nonadecene) were also identified; therefore, the synergistic effect of these compounds might lead toa higher pathogenicity of B . bassiana against T . truncatus . Further, these compounds also exhibited two clusters, which separate the potential and non-potential strains in the dendrogram of Thin Layer Chromatography. These results clearly demonstrated the potentiality of the B . bassiana strains against T . truncatus due to the occurrence of their bioactive volatile metabolome.

Biologically active natural compounds are molecules produced by plants or plant-related microbes, such as endophytes. Many of these metabolites have a wide range of antimicrobial activities and other pharmaceutical properties. This study aimed to evaluate (in vitro) the antifungal activities of the secondary metabolites obtained from Paecilomyces sp. against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The endophytic fungus Paecilomyces was isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves and cultured on potato dextrose broth for the production of the fungal metabolites. The activity of Paecilomyces filtrate against the radial growth of Rhizoctonia solani was tested by mixing the filtrate with potato dextrose agar medium at concentrations of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, for which the percentages of inhibition of the radial growth were 37.5, 50, 52.5, and 56.25%, respectively. The dual culture method was conducted on PDA medium to observe the antagonistic nature of the antibiotic impacts of Paecilomyces sp. towards the pathogenic fungus. The strength of the antagonistic impacts was manifested by a 76.25% inhibition rate, on a scale of 4 antagonistic levels. Ethyl acetate extract of Paecilomyces sp. was obtained by liquid-liquid partition of the broth containing the fungus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the presence of important chemical components e.g., (E) 9, cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (48.607), 1-Heptacosanol, 1-Nonadecene, Cyclotetracosane (5.979), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester, di-sec-butyl phthalate (3.829), 1-Nonadecene, n-Nonadecanol-1, Behenic alcohol (3.298), n-Heptadecanol-1, 1-hexadecanol, n-Pentadecanol (2.962), Dodecanoic acid (2.849), 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl ester, oleic acid, 9-Octadecenal, and (Z)-(2.730). These results suggest that secondary metabolites of the endophytic Paecilomyces possess antifungal properties and could potentially be utilized in various applications, such as environmental protection and medicine.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens underscores the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, ten endophytic fungal isolates (Ls1–Ls10) were isolated for the first time from Lavandula stricta and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella oxytoca , and Candida albicans . The most potent fungal isolate Ls1 was identified as Sarocladium kiliense using morphological and molecular techniques. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the S. kiliense extract is abundant in bioactive compounds, including phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The GC mass analysis proved the presence of 41 active compounds in the S. kiliense . Extract including; Benzene, (1-propylnonyl) (9.87%), Hexadecanoic acid (8.05%), Prostaglandin A1-biotin (6.77%), Docosene (6.69%), Octadecenoic acid (5.55%), and 1-Nonadecene (5.16%). The crude extract of S. kiliense showed outstanding anticancer activity against cancerous Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 of 31.7 and 49.8 µg/ml, respectively. This isolate exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 16.1 ± 0.1 mm to 35.5 mm. MICs varied between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL. S. kiliense exhibited antioxidant activity and antibiofilm activities. The S. kiliense extract demonstrated concentration-dependent antibiofilm activity. In conclusion, S. kiliense as a hopeful home of bioactive combinations with potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibiofilm activities, offering the potential for combating multidrug-resistant pathogens and therapeutic applications.

Recently, 1-nonadecene and l -lactic acid were identified as unique metabolites in radicular cysts and periapical granuloma, respectively. However, the biological roles of these metabolites were unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the inflammatory and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) effects of 1-nonadecene, and the inflammatory and collagen precipitation effects of l -lactic acid on both periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLFs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PdLFs and PBMCs were treated with 1-nonadecene and l -lactic acid. Cytokines’ expression was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and macrophage polarization markers were measured using flow cytometry. The collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, and released cytokines were measured using collagen assay, western blot, and Luminex assay, respectively. In PdLFs, 1-nonadecene enhances inflammation through the upregulation of some inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12A, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) α. 1-Nonadecene also induced MET through the upregulation of E-cadherin and the downregulation of N-cadherin in PdLFs. 1-Nonadecene polarized macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype and suppressed their cytokines’ release. l -lactic acid exerted a differential impact on the inflammation and proliferation markers. Intriguingly, l -lactic acid induced fibrosis-like effects by enhancing collagen synthesis, while inhibiting MMP-1 release in PdLFs. These results provide a deeper understanding of 1-nonadecene and l -lactic acid’s roles in modulating the microenvironment of the periapical area. Consequently, further clinical investigation can be employed for target therapy.

The endolichenic fungi are an unexplored group of organisms for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. The aim of the present study is to determine the antibacterial potential of endolichenic fungi isolated from genus Parmotrema. The study is continuation of our previous work, wherein a total of 73 endolichenic fungi were isolated from the lichenized fungi, which resulted in 47 species under 23 genera. All the isolated endolichenic fungi were screened for preliminary antibacterial activity. Five endolichenic fungi—Daldinia eschscholtzii, Nemania diffusa, Preussia sp., Trichoderma sp. and Xylaria feejeensis, were selected for further antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The zone of inhibition ranged from 14.3 ± 0.1 to 23.2 ± 0.1. The chemical composition of the selected endolichenic fungi was analysed through GC–MS, which yielded a total of 108 compounds from all the selected five endolichenic fungi. Diethyl phthalate, 1-hexadecanol, dibutyl phthalate, n-tetracosanol-1, 1-nonadecene, pyrrol[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methyl) and tetratetracontane were found to be common compounds among one or the other endolichenic fungi, which possibly were responsible for antibacterial activity. GC–MS data were further analysed through Principal Component Analysis which showed D. eschscholtzii to be with unique pattern of expression of metabolites. Compound confirmation test revealed coumaric acid to be responsible for antibacterial activity in D. eschscholtzii. So, the study proves that endolichenic fungi that inhabit lichenized fungal thalli could be a source of potential antibacterial compounds.

This study evaluates the antioxidant activity of Ranunculus muricatus and isolation and structure elucidation of the active constituents. The aerial parts of the plants were shade dried at room temperature and powdered and extracted with methanol. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The percentage scavenging activity was determined based on the percentage of DPPH radical scavenged. Column chromatography was used in order to isolate the active compounds. Spectral techniques UV, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 CNMR and HREI-MS were used for the structure elucidation of the isolated compounds. Two isolated compounds, A (caffeoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside) and B (1,3-dihydroxy-2-tetracosanoylamino-4-(E)-nonadecene), exibited a significant antioxidant activity as showed by DPPH radical scavenging method. Percentage inhibition for compound A (at 0.5 mM) was 82.67 ± 0.19 with IC 50 of 93.25 ± 0.12 (μM), and for compound B (at 0.5 mM) was 69.23 ± 0.19 with IC 50 of 183.34 ± 0.13 (μM). Quercetin was used as standard control. It was conclued from the present study that caffeoyl-β- d -glucopyranoside and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-tetracosanoylamino-4-(E)-nonadecene isolated from methanol extract of aerial parts of Ranunculus muricatus posses antioxidant activity.

Breast cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases for women worldwide. Marine populations are considered a vast reservoir for novel bioactive metabolites, particularly marine Actinomycetes, which are known to produce various bioactive compounds with antitumour, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. A promising new marine strain was isolated and identified as Streptomyces albidoflavus strain EgyAB2 (16 S rRNA gene sequence accession number ON680945.1). The anticancer activity of the extracted compounds was tested in the MCF7 cell line using a sulforhodamine B (SRB) bioassay, which revealed an IC 50 of 0.36 µg/ml compared to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (0.35 µg/ml). Additionally, the anticancer activity was confirmed by a dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) bioassay, which showed an IC 50 of 17.46 µg/ml. The mode of action of the treated breast carcinoma (apoptotic effect) was studied via qRT-PCR, revealing a significant role in anticancer treatment. Although the extracted compounds exhibited high antioxidant activity in the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, they presented an IC 50 of 8.92 µg/ml and an inhibition percentage of 56.08%. Chemical characterisation was performed via GC‒MS, 1 H-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy analyses, revealing the presence of 2-D N-methyl imidazole, 2-nonadecene, 1-D-2-methyl imidazole, and propane dinitrile, all of which exhibit antitumour activity.

The objective of the research was to examine microbial characteristics, metabolites produced, and the potential radiological risks present in mining soils located in Keana, North Central Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from various locations within Keana, Nasarawa State. Bacterial isolation was carried out, and molecular techniques were employed to characterize the bacteria found in the collected soil samples. Additionally, the susceptibility of these isolates to antibiotics was determined, and the bacteria screened for their ability to produce metabolites. The isolated bacteria were classified into three groups: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The analysis of the spectra revealed that 1595 compounds were produced, including carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, aldehydes, anhydrides, esters, ketones, amides, phenols, alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. Some of the metabolites produced were oleic acid, 1,3-dioxolane, linoelaidic acid and oleic acid, 1-nonadecene, butylated hydroxytoluene, diisooctyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate among others, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (85.32%) as the most produced metabolite. Among the antibiotics tested, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin exhibited the strongest antibacterial properties against the isolates. Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry analysis identified elevated levels of potassium, thorium, and uranium in the soils, indicating potential environmental hazards. However, no significant correlation was found between the presence of bacteria and radioactive elements. These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive environmental monitoring in Keana to address potential health risks associated with microbial contamination and radioactive materials. Additionally, the study highlighted the role of microbial diversity in Keana soils in promoting the production of secondary metabolites with potential applications in pharmaceutical and industrial sectors..