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Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.

This study examines whether community social capital in US counties, as captured by strength of civic norms and density of social networks in the counties, affects corporate social responsibility (CSR) of resident corporations headquartered in the counties. Analyses of longitudinal data from 3688 unique US firms between 1997 and 2009 provide strong empirical support for the propositions that community social capital facilitates positive CSR activities that benefit non-shareholder stakeholders and constrains negative CSR activities that are detrimental to non-shareholder stakeholders. Additionally, we explore the effects of institutional logics arising from community isomorphism on positive and negative CSR activities, respectively. And, we explore the respective effects of corporate engagement in positive and negative CSR activities on corporate financial performance. Firms undertake more positive CSR activities when such activities are more prevalent among other local corporations headquartered in the same county. But, there is no systematic relationship between negative CSR activities and the community-level corporate engagement in negative CSR activities. Positive CSR activities enhance a firm's future financial performance, and the positive effect is more prominent among firms headquartered in counties with high community social capital. However, negative CSR activities only reduce a firm's future financial performance among firms headquartered in counties with high community social capital; negative CSR activities do not affect performance among firms headquartered in counties with lower levels of community social capital. Collectively, these results highlight the distinct effects of local social institutions, namely community social capital, on positive CSR activities and negative CSR activities, respectively.

In response to recent calls to extend the underlying theories used in the literature (O'Fallon and Butterfield in J Bus Ethics 59(4):375-413, 2005; Craft in J Bus Ethics 117(2):221-259, 2013), we review the usefulness of social norm theory in empirical business ethics research. We begin by identifying the seeds of social norm theory in Adam Smith's (in: Raphael and Macfie (eds) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, the Glasgow Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1759/1790) seminal work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Next, we introduce recent theory in social norm activation by Bicchieri (The grammar of society: The nature and dynamics of social norms, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006) and compare the new theory to two theoretical frameworks found in the literature: Kohlberg's (in: Goslin (ed) Handbook of socialization theory and research, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL, 1969; in: Lickona (ed) Moral development and behavior, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1976) theory of moral development and Cialdini and Trost's (in: Gilbert et al. (eds) The handbook of social psychology, Oxford University Press, Boston, 1998) taxonomy of social norms. We argue that the new theory provides useful insights by emphasizing the ability of situational cues and information to generate common expectations for social/moral norms. The theory is particularly useful for empirical research in business ethics because it gives both organizational and individual factors a role in motivating normbased behavior. To demonstrate this usefulness, we present examples where the theory has been effectively applied in experimental accounting research to generate new insights. We conclude by citing specific examples where the theory may prove useful in empirical business ethics research.

Responsible sustainable consumer behavior (RSCB) involves a complex pattern of environmental and social issues, in line with the view of sustainability as a construct with both environmental and social pillar. So far, environmental dimension was far more researched than social dimension. In this article, we investigate the antecedents of both environmentally and socially RSCB and willingness to behave in environmentally/socially responsible way. We include measures of concern, perceived consumer control/effectiveness, personal/social norms and ethical ideologies/obligation to better explain and extend the traditional theory of planned behavior. Additionally, we test the impact of information availability about environmental or social impact on RSCB. Our findings on a representative sample of 426 respondents (ages 18 to 65) show that in general, antecedents of environmentally and socially responsible sustainable consumption are similar in their effect on consumer behavior, with personal norms, concern and ethical ideologies having the strongest impact on RSCB. When comparing both types of behavior, socially responsible behavior is more influenced by perceived behavioral control and possibly social norms than environmentally responsible behavior, while information availability plays its role for both behaviors. Sustainable responsible consumption can be achieved by embracing both dimensions of sustainability and consumers need to have a sense for both social and environmental issues. The complexity and struggles between doing what is good for environment and society could be the reason why consumers have difficulties achieving sustainable responsible consumption.

A powerful and poignant translation of Vergil's epic poem, newly equipped with introduction and notes This is a substantial revision of Sarah Ruden's celebrated 2008 translation of Vergil's Aeneid, which was acclaimed by Garry Wills as \"the first translation since Dryden's that can be read as a great English poem in itself.\" Ruden's line-for-line translation in iambic pentameter is an astonishing feat, unique among modern translations. Her revisions to the translation render the poetry more spare and muscular than her previous version and capture even more closely the essence of Vergil's poem, which pits national destiny against the fates of individuals, and which resonates deeply in our own time. This distinguished translation, now equipped with introduction, notes, and glossary by leading Vergil scholar Susanna Braund, allows modern readers to experience for themselves the timeless power of Vergil's masterpiece. Praise for the First Edition: \"Fast, clean, and clear, sometimes terribly clever, and often strikingly beautiful. . . . Many human achievements deserve our praise, and this excellent translation is certainly one of them.\"-Richard Garner, The New Criterion \"Toning down the magniloquence, Sarah Ruden gives us an Aeneid more intimate in tone and soberer in measure than we are used to-a gift for which many will be grateful.\"-J. M. Coetzee \"An intimate rendering of great emotional force and purity. . . . The immediacy, beauty, and timelessness of the original Latin masterpiece lift off these pages with gem-like originality.\"- Choice

People are more likely to rely on descriptive norms (i.e., what their peers are doing) when deciding whether to take a risk themselves than when deciding whether to recommend others to take a risk. We proposed and found that people also attend to normative information when making risk recommendations to others, but in this case they attend to a different type of normative information — injunctive norms (i.e., whether their peers approve of this behavior). Descriptive norm plays a bigger role in influencing people’s own decisions, whereas injunctive norm plays a bigger role in influencing people’s recommendations to others. This research demonstrates the importance of differentiating descriptive versus injunctive norms in risky decision-making and provides further evidence that perceived norms significantly influence risky decision-making.

Social norms have a stable influence on Pro-environmental behaviors (PEB). A focus theory of normative conduct categorizes social norms into two types: descriptive and injunctive. However, it remains unclear whether these different types of social norms have consistent effects on PEB. This study employs eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of these social norms on PEB. Experiment 1 examined the effects of descriptive and injunctive social norms on PEB. The results showed that individuals adhering to injunctive social norms exhibited similar levels of engagement in PEB as those following descriptive social norms. Moreover, individuals who combined high descriptive and high injunctive social norms tended to engage in more PEB. Experiment 2 utilized eye-tracking technology to explore the relationship between individuals’ fixation duration and PEB when both types of social norms were presented simultaneously. The behavioral results indicated that high descriptive and high injunctive social norms significantly impacted PEB. Eye-tracking data revealed that participants had more fixations duration and fixation count on injunctive social norms compared to descriptive social norms. Notably, in scenarios featuring both high descriptive and high injunctive social norms, individuals allocated more fixation duration and fixation count towards PEB. In conclusion, the combination of descriptive and injunctive social norms more effectively promotes individuals’ engagement in PEB. Furthermore, the study highlights the profound influence of injunctive social norms, which are initially salient in capturing individuals’ attention and subsequently drive their engagement in PEB.

The diffusion of environmentally sustainable consumption patterns is crucial for reaching net carbon neutrality. As a promising policy tool for reaching this goal, scholars have put forward social tipping interventions (SOTIs). “Social tipping” refers to the phenomenon that a small initial change in a parameter of a social system can create abrupt, nonlinear change via self-reinforcing feedback. If this reduces the burden on the environment, it is of potential interest for environmental policy. SOTIs are attempts to create social tipping intentionally. SOTIs produce rapid norm changes in laboratory experiments. However, little is known about the potential of SOTIs in the field. This research reports on a field intervention promoting the consumption of hot beverages in reusable mugs instead of one-way cups, conducted at Swiss university cafeterias (N = 162,523 consumption decisions). Two SOTIs involved an appeal promoting sustainable consumption with regular feedback about the current prevalence of sustainable consumption. Two control treatments involved either the same appeal without feedback or no intervention. This research offers three key findings. First, SOTIs involving regular normative feedback can transform sustainable consumption from a minority behavior into a social norm within weeks. Second, tipping points in real-world environmental dilemmas may exceed the values found in recent laboratory experiments (≥50% vs. ≥25%). Third, SOTIs can also promote the decay of sustainable consumption. By implication, the risk-free use of SOTIs requires deeper insights into the boundary conditions of these dynamics.

Purpose Knowledge sharing is a key part of enterprise knowledge management, which helps to develop and use knowledge-related resources and ultimately achieve organizational goals. This study aims to theoretically discuss and empirically investigate the mechanism by which the intention to share knowledge is influenced by employees’ attitudes, social pressure and job characteristics. Design/methodology/approach Based on the theory of planned behavior, this study uses primary data collected from technology companies in the Yangtze River Delta region of China based on a longitudinal tracking research method of different variables at two different points in time. The data from 287 questionnaires were investigated by hierarchical regression analysis and processed with SPSS 21.0. Findings The findings suggest that attitudes toward knowledge sharing, perceived social norms and job autonomy positively affect knowledge-sharing intentions. Job autonomy plays a moderating role in the relationship between perceived social norms and knowledge-sharing intentions. Specifically, job autonomy positively moderates the effect of pro-sharing norms on knowledge-sharing intentions and negatively moderates the effects of subjective norms on knowledge-sharing intentions. Originality/value This study brings together employees’ and work-related characteristics to systematically explore the influence of employees’ personal evaluations of knowledge sharing. Additionally, by empirically distinguishing between subjective and pro-sharing norms, the study contributes to a better understanding of the antecedents of knowledge sharing and other voluntary behaviors at the individual level.

Consumer embarrassment occurs frequently and can negatively impact both consumers and marketers. The current work demonstrates that encouraging consumers to engage in creative thinking—whether generating new ideas (e.g., crowdsourcing) or through exposure to creativity-related words—is one way for marketers to address the challenges posed by consumer embarrassment. Three studies demonstrate that prompting creative thinking makes consumers feel less embarrassed in subsequent consumer contexts. Specifically, the findings suggest that when consumers are prompted to think creatively, they assess behaviors that violate social norms as more socially acceptable, lowering feelings of embarrassment across a variety of consumption contexts. This research contributes to our understanding of the many benefits of engaging consumers in creative thinking and the growing stream of work exploring tactics companies can employ to help mitigate consumer embarrassment. This research also offers practical implications for both marketers and consumers.