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Mesoscale meteorological phenomena, such as Novaya Zemlya bora and polar cyclones, have been studied based on the respective signatures in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the sea surface using remote sensing methods. The local bora covers both coastal and open-sea zones of the Barents Sea to the west of Novaya Zemlya and can lead to catastrophic consequences in coastal waters of the archipelago. Another interesting and hardly predictable phenomenon is polar cyclones. The development of especially intensive and catastrophic polar cyclones can be traced using multisensor and multispectral imagery. It has been shown that the application of spaceborne SARs and optical sensors enables real time detection, forecast, and monitoring of Novaya Zemlya bora and polar cyclones in the Barents Sea, giving ground for their detail research.

The rock magnetic and paleomagnetic results from the Upper Paleozoic sedimentary sequences composing the isles of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago are presented. The recorded temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility, the magnetic hysteresis parameters, and the results of the first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements suggest the presence of single-domain or pseudo-single-domain magnetite and hematite grains in the rocks. The Upper Paleozoic deposits overall are promising for unraveling the tectonic evolution of the Barents–Kara region. Together with the rock magnetic data, the positive fold and reversal tests testify to the primary origin of the indentified magnetization components. However, the interpretation of the paleomagnetic data should take into account the probable inclination shallowing. New substantiation is offered for the paleomagnetic poles for Early Devonian and Late Permian. For the first time, paleomagnetic constraints are obtained for the Late Carboniferous boundary. It is shown that the Early Cimmerian deformation stage within the Paikhoi–Novaya Zemlya region is associated with the sinistral strike slip displacement along the Baidaratskii suture during which the internal structure of the Southern Novaya Zemlya segment could undergo shear in addition to the nappe-thrust transformations. The Northern Novaya Zemlya segment, which is shifted northwest with respect to the Southern segment, was deformed in the thrusting mode with an overall clockwise rotation of this segment relative to the East European Craton.

Over a period in 1961–1990 496 underground nuclear tests and explosions of different purpose and in different rocks were conducted in the Soviet Union at Semipalatinsk and anovaya Zemlya Test Sites. A total of 340 underground nuclear tests were conducted at the Semipalatinsk Test Site. One hundred seventy-nine explosions (52.6%) among them were classified as these of complete containment, 145 explosions (42.6%) as explosions with weak release of radioactive noble gases (RNG), 12 explosions (3.5%) as explosions with nonstandard radiation situation, and four excavation explosions with ground ejection (1.1%). Thirty-nine nuclear tests had been conducted at the Novaya Zemlya Test Site; six of them – in shafts. In 14 tests (36%) there were no RNG release. Twenty-three tests have been accompanied by RNG release into the atmosphere without sedimental contamination. Nonstandard radiation situation occurred in two tests. In incomplete containment explosions both early-time RNG release (up to ~1 h) and late-time release from 1 to 28 h after the explosion were observed. Sometimes gas release took place for several days, and it occurred either through tunnel portal or epicentral zone, depending on atmospheric air temperature.

Atlantic black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla tridactyla breeding in the Barents Sea have long been considered to winter in the North Atlantic region. Here, we present the first evidence of bi-directional and transpolar migrations of kittiwakes breeding in the south-eastern Barents Sea. Using geolocators, we revealed previously unknown migration patterns of kittiwakes that breed at Yuzhny (Southern) Island of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago. Of 27 studied individuals, 21 migrated to the North Atlantic, while 6 (22%) wintered in the North Pacific. Two birds repeated an eastward migration over 3 subsequent years, and 3 kittiwakes did so over 2 years. We hypothesize that such bi-directional migration strategies can reflect the history of the kittiwakes’ colonization of the eastern Barents Sea, where North Pacific birds may have colonized Novaya Zemlya from the east and maintained their traditional wintering grounds in the Pacific. However, we also expect that the exchange of Atlantic and Pacific (Rissa t. pollicaris) kittiwakes will increase as the sea ice barrier shrinks in the following decades, potentially having a great impact on these 2 subspecies.

Glaciers and ice caps are known to contribute significantly to present‐day sea level rise, but there are still glaciated regions where little is known about modern changes in glacier mass. One of these regions is the Russian High Arctic archipelagos which has a total glaciated area of 51,500 km2. We have assessed the glacier mass budget of this region for a 6‐year period between October 2003 and October 2009 using independent ICESat laser altimetry and GRACE gravimetry. Over this period we found that the archipelagos have lost ice at a rate of −9.1 ± 2.0 Gt a−1, which corresponds to a sea level contribution of 0.025 mm a−1. Approximately 80% of the ice loss came from Novaya Zemlya with the remaining 20% coming from Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. Meteorological records of temperature and precipitation for the period 1980–2009 suggest that the recent climatic mass budget is not substantially different from the longer‐term trend. Key Points Russian High Arctic glaciers have recently lost mass at a rate of 9.1 Gt/y ICESat and GRACE are well suited to determine regional glacier mass budgets Mass losses of High Arctic glaciers are driven by climate rather than dynamics

In this study, we reconstructed for the first time the recent 1000-yr-long history of Goluboi tidewater glacier at the eastern side of the Novaya Zemlya, Kara Sea, based on accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating with higher-resolution age control on the basis of 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclides for the time period after AD 1885, using multiproxy analyses (lithology, mineralogy, and geochemistry) of proximal glaciomarine sediments from the Oga Fjord. Against the background of the active glacial dynamics and the intense meltwater runoff until the end of the sixteenth century, there was a sudden cooling at the beginning of the seventeenth century, which manifested itself in a significant decrease in the sedimentation rates. In time, this event coincides with the strongest volcanic eruption, AD 1600, in South America (in Peru) in the history of human settlement of the continent, which may have plunged the globe into cold climate chaos (Witze, 2008), and caused the Great Famine, AD 1601 to AD 1603, in Russia. The synchronicity of the described events may be an additional fact confirming the global impact of the eruption on the climate of our planet.

There are very few data linking recent climatic changes to changes in biological communities in the Russian Arctic, and no palaeoecological data are available from the Novaya Zemlya archipelago (NZ). We studied chironomid, cladoceran, and diatom communities from a 165-year-old sediment core from a lake on Southern Island, NZ. Sixteen diatom and four cladoceran species new to NZ were found in the lake. Significant changes occurred in biological communities; species turnover was highest for diatoms (2.533 SD), followed by chironomids (1.781 SD) and cladocerans (0.614 SD). Biological communities showed a correlation with meteorologically recorded climate parameters. For chironomids, the strongest relationships were found for TJune, TJuly, and Tann. Both planktonic proxies, diatoms, and cladocerans showed a relationship with summer and annual air temperature and precipitation. The largest shifts in communities can be linked to recent climatic events, including the onset of steady warming following the variable conditions at the end of the LIA (ca. 1905), the cooling associated with the highest precipitation on record between 1950 and 1970, and, probably, the anthropogenic influence specific to Novaya Zemlya at this time. The new data provide a valuable basis for future ecological studies in one of the least explored and remote Arctic regions.

Arctic sea ice outflow to the Atlantic Ocean is essential to the Arctic sea ice mass budget and the marine environments in the Barents and Greenland seas (BGS). With the extremely positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) in winter (JFM) 2020, the feedback mechanisms of anomalies in Arctic sea ice outflow and their impacts on winter–spring sea ice and other marine environmental conditions in the subsequent months until early summer in the BGS were investigated. The results reveal that the total sea ice area flux (SIAF) through the Fram Strait, the Svalbard–Franz Josef Land passageway, and the Franz Josef Land–Novaya Zemlya passageway in winter and June 2020 was higher than the 1988–2020 climatology. The relatively large total SIAF, which was dominated by that through the Fram Strait (77.6 %), can be significantly related to atmospheric circulation anomalies, especially with the positive phases of the winter AO and the winter–spring relatively high air pressure gradient across the western and eastern Arctic Ocean. Such abnormal winter atmospheric circulation patterns have induced wind speeds anomalies that accelerate sea ice motion (SIM) in the Atlantic sector of Transpolar Drift, subsequently contributing to the variability in the SIAF (R=+0.86, P<0.001). The abnormally large Arctic sea ice outflow led to increased sea ice area (SIA) and thickness in the BGS, which has been observed since March 2020, especially in May–June. The increased SIA impeded the warming of the sea surface temperature (SST), with a significant negative correlation between April SIA and synchronous SST as well as the lagging SST of 1–3 months based on the historic data from 1982–2020. Therefore, this study suggests that winter–spring Arctic sea ice outflow can be considered a predictor of changes in sea ice and other marine environmental conditions in the BGS in the subsequent months, at least until early summer. The results promote our understanding of the physical connection between the central Arctic Ocean and the BGS.

The Russian breeding population of barnacle geese Branta leucopsis has shown a rapid increase in numbers since 1980, which has coincided with a southwest-wards breeding range expansion within the Russian Arctic. Here barnacle geese also started to occupy coastal and marsh land habitats, in which they were not know to nest on their traditional breeding grounds. While these changes have been well documented by studies and observations throughout the new breeding range of barnacle geese, observations are lacking from the traditional breeding grounds on Novaya Zemlya, as this area is remote and difficult to access. This is especially relevant given rapid climate warming in this area, which may impact local distribution and population size. We used GPS-tracking and behavioural biologging data from 46 individual barnacle geese captured on their wintering grounds to locate nest sites in the Russian Arctic and study nesting distribution in 2008–2010 and 2018–2020. Extrapolating from nest counts on Kolguev Island, we estimate the breeding population on Novaya Zemlya in 2018–2020 to range around 75,250 pairs although the confidence interval around this estimate was large. A comparison with the historical size of the barnacle goose population suggests an increase in the breeding population on Novaya Zemlya, corresponding with changes in other areas of the breeding range. Our results show that many barnacle geese on Novaya Zemlya currently nest on lowland tundra on Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula. This region has been occupied by barnacle geese only since 1990 and appears to be mainly available for nesting in years with early spring. Tracking data are a valuable tool to increase our knowledge of remote locations, but counts of breeding individuals or nests are needed to further corroborate estimates of breeding populations based on tracking data.

Small land-terminating mountain glaciers are a widespread and important element of Arctic ecosystems, influencing local hydrology, microclimate, and ecology. Due to their relatively small ice volumes, this class of ice mass is particularly sensitive to the significant ongoing climate warming in the European sector of the Arctic, i.e. in the Barents Sea area. Archipelagos surrounding the Barents Sea, i.e. Svalbard (SV), Novaya Zemlya (NZ), and Franz Josef Land (FJ), host numerous populations of mountain glaciers, but their response to recent strong warming remains understudied in most locations. This paper aims to obtain a snapshot of their state by utilizing high-resolution elevation data (ArcticDEM) to investigate the recent (ca. 2011–2017) elevation and volume changes of 382 small glaciers across SV, NZ, and FJ. The study concludes that many mountain glacier sites across the Barents Sea have been in a critical imbalance with the recent climate and might melt away within the coming several decades. However, deviations from the general trend exist; e.g. a cluster of small glaciers in north SV has been experiencing thickening. The findings reveal that near-stagnant glaciers might exhibit contrasting behaviours (fast thinning vs. thickening) over relatively short distances, which is a challenge for glacier mass balance models but also an opportunity to test their reliability.