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On April 26, 1986, Unit Four of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor exploded in then Soviet Ukraine. More than 3.5 million people in Ukraine alone, not to mention many citizens of surrounding countries, are still suffering the effects.Life Exposedis the first book to comprehensively examine the vexed political, scientific, and social circumstances that followed the disaster. Tracing the story from an initial lack of disclosure to post-Soviet democratizing attempts to compensate sufferers, Adriana Petryna uses anthropological tools to take us into a world whose social realities are far more immediate and stark than those described by policymakers and scientists. She asks: What happens to politics when state officials fail to inform their fellow citizens of real threats to life? What are the moral and political consequences of remedies available in the wake of technological disasters? Through extensive research in state institutions, clinics, laboratories, and with affected families and workers of the so-called Zone, Petryna illustrates how the event and its aftermath have not only shaped the course of an independent nation but have made health a negotiated realm of entitlement. She tracks the emergence of a \"biological citizenship\" in which assaults on health become the coinage through which sufferers stake claims for biomedical resources, social equity, and human rights.Life Exposedprovides an anthropological framework for understanding the politics of emergent democracies, the nature of citizenship claims, and everyday forms of survival as they are interwoven with the profound changes that accompanied the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The book description for \"Atomic Energy Policy in France Under the Fourth Republic\" is currently unavailable.

The March 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami sparked a humanitarian disaster in northeastern Japan. They were responsible for more than 15,900 deaths and 2,600 missing persons as well as physical infrastructure damages exceeding $200 billion. The earthquake and tsunami also initiated a severe nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Three of the six reactors at the plant sustained severe core damage and released hydrogen and radioactive materials. Explosion of the released hydrogen damaged three reactor buildings and impeded onsite emergency response efforts. The accident prompted widespread evacuations of local populations, large economic losses, and the eventual shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan. Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety and Security of U.S. Nuclear Plants is a study of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. This report examines the causes of the crisis, the performance of safety systems at the plant, and the responses of its operators following the earthquake and tsunami. The report then considers the lessons that can be learned and their implications for U.S. safety and storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste, commercial nuclear reactor safety and security regulations, and design improvements. Lessons Learned makes recommendations to improve plant systems, resources, and operator training to enable effective ad hoc responses to severe accidents. This report's recommendations to incorporate modern risk concepts into safety regulations and improve the nuclear safety culture will help the industry prepare for events that could challenge the design of plant structures and lead to a loss of critical safety functions. In providing a broad-scope, high-level examination of the accident, Lessons Learned is meant to complement earlier evaluations by industry and regulators. This in-depth review will be an essential resource for the nuclear power industry, policy makers, and anyone interested in the state of U.S. preparedness and response in the face of crisis situations.

01 02 The sociology of hazardous waste, risk, and disastersis a relatively new discipline with anincreasing volume of empirical research by scholars. Francis O. Adeola focuses this bookon hazardous and toxic wastes releases, industrial toxic disasters, contamination of communities and the environment, and the subsequent adverse health effects among exposed populations.He explains the emerging sociological study of risk, natural, and technological disasters, and he reviews the accumulated body of knowledge in the field up-to-date. This groundbreaking work integrates sociological perspectives with perspectives from other disciplines in the discussion of the problems posed by technological hazards both in advanced industrialized societies and in underdeveloped world. 02 02 The sociology of hazardous waste, risk, and disasters is a relatively new discipline with an increasing volume of empirical research by scholars. Francis O. Adeola focuses this book on hazardous and toxic wastes releases, industrial toxic disasters, contamination of communities and the environment, and the subsequent adverse health effects among exposed populations. He explains the emerging sociological study of risk, natural, and technological disasters, and he reviews the accumulated body of knowledge in the field up-to-date. This groundbreaking work integrates sociological perspectives with perspectives from other disciplines in the discussion of the problems posed by technological hazards both in advanced industrialized societies and in underdeveloped world. 04 02 PART I: HAZARDOUS WASTES, DISASTERS AND HEALTH RISKS Sociology of Hazardous Wastes, Disasters, and Risk Hazardous and Toxic Wastes as Social Problems Taxonomy of Hazardous Wastes PART II: ELECTRONIC WASTES, PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS, AND HEALTH EFFECTS Electronic Waste: The Dark Side of High-Tech Revolution Environmental Health Risks of Persistent Organic Compounds PART III: CONTAMINATED COMMUNITIES AND REGULATORY RESPONSES Communities Contaminated by Toxic Wastes and Industrial Disasters: Selected Cases The Regulatory Frameworks PART IV: CONCLUSION Critical Environmental Justice Movement 13 02 Francis Adeola is a professor of Sociology at University of New Orleans.

Currently, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medical countermeasures (MCMs) for radiation combined injury (RCI), partially due to limited understanding of its mechanisms. Our previous research suggests that endothelial dysfunction may contribute to a poor prognosis of RCI. In this study, we demonstrated an increased risk of mortality, body weight loss, and delayed skin wound healing in RCI mice compared to mice with skin wounds alone or radiation injury (RI) 30 days post-insult. Furthermore, we evaluated biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and impaired wound healing in mice at early time points after RCI. Mice were exposed to 9.0 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI) followed by skin wound. Samples were collected on days 3, 7, and 14 post-TBI. Endothelial dysfunction markers were measured by ELISA, and skin wound healing was assessed histologically. Our results show that endothelial damage and inflammation are more severe and persistent in the RCI compared to the wound-alone group. Additionally, RCI impairs granulation tissue formation, reduces myofibroblast presence, and delays collagen deposition, correlating with more severe endothelial damage. TGF signaling may play a key role in this impaired healing. These findings suggest that targeting the endothelial dysfunction and TGF-β pathways may provide potential therapeutic strategies for improving delayed wound healing in RCI, which could subsequently influence outcomes such as survival after RCI.

Tactical nuclear weapons pose a threat to life and health that we cannot ignore

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have explored the association between low-dose radiation and circulatory diseases, but few have focused on stroke and heart disease subtypes. This study aimed to investigate subtype-specific risks among Korean radiation workers. METHODS: We analyzed data from 186 233 workers enrolled in the Korean Radiation Workers Study cohort. Individual radiation exposure was assessed using personal dose data, and organ-specific doses were reconstructed. Using the National Health Insurance Database, circulatory diseases were identified based on validated operational definitions developed for six subtypes. Sex- and age-standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were estimated. Dose–response relationships were assessed by estimating the relative rates (RR) and excess relative risks (ERR) per 10 mGy, adjusting for the sex, attained age, birth year and calendar year. Additional confounders in the ERR models included income level, smoking, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and body mass index. RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease has the highest incidence (367.6 per 100 000 person-years), followed by heart failure and ischemic stroke. The overall incidence rates of most subtypes were lower among radiation workers than the general population, reflecting a healthy worker effect (SIR range: 0.70–0.90). No statistically significant positive dose–response relationships were observed for all six subtypes; ERR estimates were generally negative, with the highest point estimate observed for hemorrhagic stroke (ERR per 10 mGy: 0.014; 95% confidence interval -0.049–0.077). CONCLUSIONS: While no clear radiation-related risk was observed, the findings highlight the importance of subtype-specific analysis and the need for refined outcome definitions and longer follow-up periods to clarify potential low-dose radiation effects.

After a radiation-release incident, intake of radionuclides in the initial stage immediately following the incident may be the major contributor to total internal radiation exposure for individuals in affected areas. However, evaluation of early internal contamination risk is greatly lacking. This study assessed the relationship between initial stage evacuation/indoor sheltering and internal radiation contamination levels 4 months after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear incident in Japan and estimated potential pathways of the contamination. The study population comprised 525 participants in the internal radiation screening program at Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, 23 km north of the Fukushima nuclear plant. The analysed dataset included the results of a screening performed in July 2011, 4 months after the incident, and of a questionnaire on early-incident response behaviours, such as sheltering indoors and evacuations, completed by participants. Association between such early countermeasures and internal contamination levels of cesium-134 were assessed using Tobit multiple regression analyses. Our study shows that individuals who evacuated to areas outside Fukushima Prefecture had similar contamination levels of cesium-134 to individuals who stayed in Fukushima (relative risk: 0.86; 95 % confidence interval: 0.74–0.99). Time spent outdoors had no significant relationship with contamination levels. The effects of inhalation from radiological plumes released from the nuclear plant on total internal radiation contamination might be so low as to be undetectable by the whole-body counting unit used to examine participants. Given the apparent limited effectiveness of evacuation and indoor sheltering on internal contamination, the decision to implement such early responses to a radiation-release incident should be made by carefully balancing their potential benefits and health risks. A la suite d’un accident avec émission radioactive, l’absorption de radionucléides dans la phase initiale suivant immédiatement l’accident peut être un facteur essentiel de l’exposition interne aux radiations pour les individus se trouvant dans les zones touchées. Cependant, l’évaluation du risque de contamination interne précoce manque considérablement. Cette étude a donc évalué le rapport entre l’évacuation/mise à l’abri pendant la phase initiale et les niveaux de contamination internes radioactives 4 mois après l’accident nucléaire de Fukushima au Japon en 2011, et elle a estimé les voies possibles de la contamination. La population étudiée comprenant 525 participants dans le programme de dépistage de radiation interne à l’Hôpital Municipal Général de Minamisoma, à 23 km au Nord de la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima. Les données analysées comprenaient les résultats du dépistage effectué en Juillet 2011, 4 mois après l’accident, et un questionnaire sur les premiers comportements en réaction à l’acciden, tels que la mise à l’abri et les évacuations effectuées par les participants. La relation entre de telles contremesures immédiates et les niveaux de contamination interne de cesium-134 a été évaluée en utilisant les analyses de régression multiple Tobit. Notre étude montre que les individus qui ont été évacués vers des zones situées à l’extérieur de la Préfecture de Fukushima ont subi des niveaux de contamination similaires de Cesium-134 à celles des individus qui étaient restés à Fukushima (risque relatif: 0.86; intervalle de confiance 95%: 0.74-0.99). Le temps passé à l’extérieur n’avait pas de d’influence significative sur les niveaux de contamination. Les effets de l’inhalation des panaches radioactifs libérés par la centrale nucléaire sur la contamination radioactive interne totale pourraient être si faibles qu’ils seraient indétectables par l’appareil de mesure anthroporadiamétrique utilisé pour l’examen des participants. Etant donné l’efficacité apparemment limitée de l’évacuation et de la mise à l’abri sur la contamination interne, la décision de mettre en place de tels comportements en réaction à un accident avec émission radioactive devrait préserver un équilibre prudent entre les bénéfices potentiels et les risques sanitaires. Después de un incidente de liberación de radiación, el consumo de radionúclidos en la etapa inicial inmediatamente después del incidente puede ser el principal contribuyente a la exposición total a la radiación interna para las personas en las áreas afectadas. Sin embargo, hace falta una evaluación del riesgo de la contaminación interna temprana. Este estudio evaluó la relación entre la fase de evacuación/refugio al interior y la radiación en los niveles de contaminación interna 4 meses después del incidente nuclear de Fukushima del 2011 en Japón y estimó las vías potenciales de la contaminación. El estudio de la población comprendió 525 participantes en el programa de detección de radiación interna en el Hospital Municipal General de Minamisoma, a 23 km al norte de la planta nuclear de Fukushima. El conjunto de datos analizados incluyó los resultados de un examen realizado en julio de 2011, 4 meses después del incidente, y de un cuestionario sobre los comportamientos de respuesta temprana a los incidentes, como refugio en el interior y evacuaciones, completados por los participantes. La asociación entre tales contramedidas tempranas y los niveles de contaminación interna de cesio-134 fueron evaluadas utilizando un análisis Tobit de regresión múltiple. Nuestro estudio muestra que las personas que evacuaron a un área en las afueras de la Prefectura de Fukushima tenían niveles similares de contaminación de cesio-134 al de las personas que permanecieron en Fukushima (riesgo relativo: 0.86; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0.74-0.99). El tiempo pasado al aire libre no tuvo ninguna relación significativa con los niveles de contaminación. Los efectos de la inhalación de cortinas de humo radiológicas liberadas en la planta nuclear sobre el total de la contaminación de radiación interna podrían ser tan bajos como para ser indetectables por la unidad de recuento de todo el cuerpo usada para examinar a los participantes. Dada la aparente eficacia limitada de la evacuación y de los refugios interiores en la contaminación interna, la decisión de implementar este tipo de respuestas tempranas a un incidente de liberación de radiación debe hacerse equilibrando cuidadosamente sus posibles beneficios y los riesgos para la salud. 在核泄露事故后, 事故结束初期摄入放射性核素或许是造成受 影响地区人们体内总体辐射主要因素。然而, 评估初始阶段体 内污染风险的相关研究极其匮乏。本研究评估初始阶段撤离/ 室内避难和2011年日本福岛核事故发生后4个月体内辐射污染 水平的关系, 同时估计潜在的污染路径。研究总体包括在距福 岛河工厂北部23公里远的日本南相马市综合医院中525名体内 辐射检查项目的参与者。分析的数据集包括2011年7月, 即事 故4个月后的扫描结果, 以及由参与者填写的在事故初发阶段 反应行为（例如在室内躲避和撤离）的调查问卷。我们通过 Tobit多元回归分析研究这些早期的措施和体内铯-134污染水 平的关系。研究显示撤离到福岛辖区外的人们与留在福岛的 人们体内铯-134污染水平相近（相对风险： 0.86, 95%置信区 间： 0.74-0.99） 。停留在室外的时间与污染水平没有显著关 系。来自核工厂放射性羽状吸入物对体内总体核污染的影响 极低, 以至于无法被用于检测参与者的全身测算单元检测。鉴 于撤离和室内躲避对体内污染缺乏显著的效用, 实行这些针对 核泄露事故的早期措施的时候要充分权衡这些措施潜在的效 益和健康风险。

Accurately estimating the radiation dose received by an individual is essential for evaluating potential damage caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. Most retrospective dosimetry methods require the time since exposure to be known and rely on calibration curves specific to that time point. In this work, we introduce a novel method tailored to the γ-H2AX assay, which is a protein-based biomarker for radiation exposure, that enables the estimation of both the radiation dose and the time of exposure within a plausible post-exposure interval. Specifically, we extend calibration curves available at two distinct time points by incorporating the biological decay of foci, resulting in a model that captures the joint dependence of foci count on both dose and time. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach using both real-world and simulated data.

Background and purpose The sudden increase in the number of exposed individuals, diverse injuries, damage to health equipment, and disruptions in health services highlight the need for a structured response to radiological and nuclear incidents. This study aims to identify the requirements for responding to CBRN incidents in Iran. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in CBRN preparedness and response in Iran, highlighting areas for potential improvement and policy development. Methodology This qualitative research conducted in 2023 involved semi-structured interviews with 32 specialists selected through purposive sampling until data saturation was reached. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. Findings The requirements for responding to CBRN incidents were categorized into three main classes with nine subcategories: Training Effective training content, establishment of specialized training centers, identification of target audiences, educational needs assessment, and continuous education. Drills Implementation of various operational drills and their content. Emergency response planning Elements of response plans and evaluation of these plans. Conclusion Timely and appropriate responses from the health system during critical phases after such incidents are crucial for mitigating adverse health effects. This study provides insights into the necessary requirements for enhancing readiness in the health sector as Iran progresses towards adopting modern technologies.