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A new approach to the nuclear fuel cycle : best practices for security, nonproliferation, and sustainable nuclear energy
\"In the past decade, a resurgence of enthusiasm for nuclear power has rekindled interest in efforts to manage the fuel cycle. The 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants in Japan and current proliferation crises in North Korea and Iran raise this question: Is the current approach on the fuel cycle -- leaving uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing capabilities in the hands of national governments -- too risky on proliferation grounds? In early 2011, the Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Center for Strategic and International Studies launched the New Approaches to the Fuel Cycle (NAFC) project. This project, led by Corey Hinderstein and Sharon Squassoni, sought to build consensus on common goals,address practical challenges, and engage a spectrum of actors who influence nuclear energy policymaking. Drawing from industry, government, and NGO community expertise in the United States and abroad, the NAFC project worked to outline a vision for an integrated approach to nuclear supply and demand. The result, presented in this report, is the first comprehensive approach that contains guidelines for shaping a sustainable nuclear supply system and leverages existing trends in nuclear industry, with 'best practices' to help implement that sustainable system\"--Publisher's web site.
Book
Unmaking the Bomb
Achieving nuclear disarmament, stopping nuclear proliferation, and preventing nuclear terrorism are among the most critical challenges facing the world today.Unmaking the Bombproposes a new approach to reaching these long-held goals. Rather than considering them as separate issues, the authors -- physicists and experts on nuclear security -- argue that all three of these goals can be understood and realized together if we focus on the production, stockpiling, and disposal of plutonium and highly enriched uranium -- the fissile materials that are the key ingredients used to make nuclear weapons. The authors describe the history, production, national stockpiles, and current military and civilian uses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium, and propose policies aimed at reducing and eventually eliminating these fissile materials worldwide. These include an end to the production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons, an end to their use as reactor fuels, and the verified elimination of all national stockpiles.
eBook
A new approach to the nuclear fuel cycle
The Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Center for Strategic and International Studies joined to launch the New Approaches to the Fuel Cycle project. This project sought to build consensus on common goals, address practical challenges, and engage a spectrum of actors that influence policymaking regarding the nuclear fuel cycle. The project also tackled one of the toughest issues—spent nuclear fuel and high level waste—to see if solutions there might offer incentives to states on the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle and address the inherent inertia and concerns about additional burdens and restrictions that have stalled past efforts to improve the robustness of the nonproliferation regime. This report presents the group’s conclusions that a best-practices approach to the nuclear fuel cycle can achieve these objectives and offer a path to a more secure and sustainable nuclear landscape.
eBook
Enforcing International Standards: Protecting Nuclear Materials From Terrorists Post-9/11
For a long time, how nuclear facilities were protected from terrorists and thieves has been largely the prerogative of the facilities themselves or individual governments.1 But the September 11 terrorist attacks and statements by Osama bin Laden have raised new concerns about preventing terrorists from stealing or attacking nuclear material that is often not well protected. Given the current state of physical protection efforts around the world, having the Security Council involved in raising standards to prevent terrorists and thieves from acquiring nuclear material at peaceful nuclear facilities such as power and research reactors could be a useful next step for the protection of these facilities.
Magazine Article
A possible novel method in nuclear forensics: positron annihilation spectroscopy
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) is a non-destructive technique used mostly in material science for studying open spaces/free volumes in materials. In this work, several different nuclear materials originating from the nuclear fuel cycle or round-robin exercises are analyzed by PAS. Our goal was, as for a first test of applicability, to check whether the technique is potentially suitable in a nuclear forensic examination for origin assessment of nuclear materials in order to support investigation. The results, presented below are promising and can certainly be further improved by analyzing larger sets of samples.
Journal Article
Nuclear engineering workforce in the United States
In addition to the commercial power industry, employment sectors for nuclear engineers include national laboratories operated by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Nuclear Security Agency (NNSA), the military, various other government agencies (e.g., Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration), and academia. [...]the NE workforce is essential to meeting the nation's needs in these and other vital areas. 5.2 DEFINITIONS OF THE PROFESSION Nuclear engineers commonly work in the disciplines of NE, nuclear security, and nuclear criticality safety, as defined later. NE has significant overlap with health physics and medical physics (described in Chapters 2 and 3, respectively) and is also closely allied with mechanical engineering, materials science and engineering, and accelerator physics. 5.2.1 Nuclear engineering Nuclear engineers conduct research and development activities related to the uses of energy produced from nuclear reactions, whether for electricity generation using nuclear power 1 or in the military sector, where US Navy nuclear ship propulsion involves the development, supervision, and operation of naval nuclear reactor plants. The distribution by race, 10 in 2019, was 73% White, 7% Asian, 7% Black or African American, 4% Hispanic, 4% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 5% other. 5.3.1.1 Power production In the United States, the nuclear power industry supports ∼100 000 jobs in a wide range of fields, including engineering and skilled trades. 11 Of these jobs, ∼4200 are nuclear engineers. 12 The tremendous growth in the nuclear energy sector during the 1970s and 1980s created a stable and qualified workforce, with the large demand for workers often being met by former military personnel, construction workers, and university graduates. [...]as of June 2021, there were 93 operating nuclear reactors in the United States, with two new plants under construction.
Journal Article
Origin of Cs-bearing silicate glass microparticles observed during Fukushima accident and recommendations on nuclear safety
There has been considerable debate about the formation mechanisms of Cs-bearing silicate glass microparticles (CsMPs) (Types A–E) released uniquely during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident. The author proposed that these CsMPs were formed because the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or the insulation materials in the reactor building melted and atomized during the hydrogen explosion. However, this hypothesis is complex because it includes the interdisciplinary issues between the thermohydraulics in the reactor and atmospheric dispersion. This paper describes the basis of the hypothesis, verification, future issues, and recommendations from the viewpoint of improving nuclear safety.
Journal Article
Research Progress on Thermal Hydraulic Characteristics of Spent Fuel Pools: A Review
Nuclear power plants (NPPs) produce large amounts of spent fuel while generating electricity. After the spent fuel is taken out of the reactor core, it still has a high decay heat and needs to be cooled for years or even decades before it can be reprocessed or buried deeply. Due to the long storage period of spent fuel, storage safety evaluation is a concern. In this regard, cooling systems are critical for the safe storage of spent fuel. Here, the research progress of cooling methods for spent fuel pools (SFPs) is reviewed, and the structural characteristics, application limitations and heat transfer performance of active and passive cooling technologies under accident conditions are discussed in detail. Moreover, future developments of SFPs are discussed, and the results of this review confirm that there is a great deal of research scope to improve the cooling performance and safety of spent fuel. This paper aims to provide a reference guide for engineers and will be highly beneficial to researchers engaged in spent fuel storage.
Journal Article
Cyber Attacks in Cyber-Physical Microgrid Systems: A Comprehensive Review
The importance of and need for cyber security have increased in the last decade. The critical infrastructure of the country, modeled with cyber-physical systems (CPS), is becoming vulnerable because of a lack of efficient safety measures. Attackers are becoming more innovative, and attacks are becoming undetectable, thereby causing huge risks to these systems. In this scenario, intelligent and evolving detection methods should be introduced to replace basic and outworn methods. The ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze data and predict outcomes has created an opportunity for researchers to explore the power of AI in cyber security. This article discusses new-age intelligence and smart techniques such as pattern recognition models, deep neural networks, generative adversarial networks, and reinforcement learning for cyber security in CPS. The differences between the traditional security methods used in information technology and the security methods used in CPS are analyzed, and the need for a transition into intelligent methods is discussed in detail. A deep neural network-based controller that detects and mitigates cyber attacks is designed for microgrid systems. As a case study, a stealthy local covert attack that overcomes the existing microgrid protection is modeled. The ability of the DNN controller to detect and mitigate the SLCA is observed. The experiment is performed in a simulation and also in real-time to analyze the effectiveness of AI in cyber security.
Journal Article
The European Dilemma—Energy Security or Green Transition
The energy transition is a subject of significant interest in the countries of the European Union, and the involvement of public authorities is remarkable. Unlike previous energy transitions, this process is politically driven, the efforts of public authorities being secondary to the actions of companies whose guidelines are based on stability at the European level through strategies and directives. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current evolution of energy security status in the European Union and in Romania, with reference to global efforts to achieve climate neutrality through the energy transition. The historical method was used in the elaboration of the material, in order to outline the current energy security policies in terms of sustainability, both environmental and social. The logical method was used in order to emphasize the cause–effect relationship between economic processes in the energy sector. The use of bibliometric analysis demonstrated the importance of the topic of energy transition in scientific literature, but it also demonstrated the increasing interest of researchers in subjects related to energy security and energy poverty in the context of this new transition. By using the graphical method, statistic data and their evolution were highlighted in detail for the present study. The results of the articles are embodied in an approach that aims to focus on economic and social factors that determine the capacity of states to support the EU’s independence from a single supplier in the current context of conflict. The authors conclude by anticipating massive challenges in achieving the environmental objectives of the European Green Deal, as well as by highlighting the issue of energy poverty as a social factor influencing global strategic decisions.
Journal Article