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"Nutmeg"
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New Species of Virola from South America
 With about 70 species Virola , is the largest genus of Myristicaceae in the Neotropics, the genus ranked in the top ten genera of abundance across Amazonia. Ten new species are proposed in this striking genus, which are described based on morphology, and are illustrated. The new species were discovered thanks to herbarium specimens collected mainly in the 1980s and 1990s when field documentations were more active. The new species come from Colombia (V. calimensis sp. nov. , V. cogolloi sp. nov. , V. excisa sp. nov. , V. tuckerae sp. nov. ), Ecuador (V. alvaroperezii sp. nov. , V. bombuscaroensis sp. nov. , V. calimensis , V. excisa , V. yasuniana sp. nov. ), Peru (V. aguarunana sp. nov. , V. cumala sp. nov. , V. excisa , V. parkeri sp. nov. ), and Brazil (V. excisa , V. yasuniana ). Additionally, a lectotype is designated for V. macrocarpa , a name used to identify some specimens of the new species here described, and V. kwatae is reported for the first time for Brazil. We provide a comparation table between the new species and the species that is morphologically close to it, a preliminary list of species for the genus, and notes of how the new species were treated in floras, checklists, or collections that need more study and herbarium specimens. Keywords: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Herbarium, Magnoliales , Neotropics, nutmeg, Peru, Taxonomy
Journal Article
Chemical compounds in essential oil of nutmeg leaves (Myristica fragrans) from Batang Indonesia
Nutmeg oil has an important function as natural tropical biomedicine activity which commonly found in Batang region. This essential oil is one of the dominant traditional export product from Batang instead of patchouli oil, Clove oil, and lemongrass oil. The objective of the research was to analyze chemical compound of essential oil of nutmeg leaves from Batang region produced by traditional destillation. Research methods was conducted by GCMS method. The biomedical activity against some tropical diseases was analysed in-silico. The results showed that essential oil from nutmeg leaves showed potential antimicroabial activities in silico againts several tropical diseases in skin. The GCMS result showed 2-.BETA.-PINENE and .gamma.-Terpinene as the major compound with values 34,46% and 30,28%.
Journal Article
The Effect of Fractionation Temperature Using Spinning Band Distillation on the Myristicin Content of Nutmeg Oil (Myristica fragrans)
Myristicin is the main compound in nutmeg oil which has potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative. Miristicin can be obtained through the fractionation distillation process. Fractionated distillation generally requires very high columns to get better results. Spinning band distillation is one of the separation methods built on the principle of simple fractionated distillation with further improved processing efficiency. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fractionated temperature on the yield and content of myristicin. This experiment used a pressure of 15 mmHg, a reflux ratio of 5:1, and an equilibration time of 10 minutes. This study used 3 types of experiments with the treatment of differences in fractionated temperature ranges. Each experiment was divided into 4 fractions with different temperature ranges. The results showed that myristicin evaporates at temperatures above 230 °C (AET). The fractionation process under suitable operating conditions can result in high yields and concentrations of myristicin.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of Activated Carbon from Nutmeg Shell (Myristica fragrans) Waste as Adsorbent for Metal Ions Pb(II) and Cu(II) in Liquid Waste
Various wastes can be utilized to produce activated carbon, one of the wastes that can be utilized is nutmeg shell (Myristica fragrans). Activated carbon from nutmeg shells (Myristica fragrans) was used in this study to reduce the content of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in liquid waste. This research utilized the adsorption method with the batch system to determine the optimum contact time, optimum pH, and adsorption capacity. The characterization of activated carbon was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Surface Area Analyzers (SAA). The content of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in the filtrate after adsorption was analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of SEM analysis showed that the carbon surface was cleaner and had more open pores after the activation process than before activation. The carbon surface area is 19.6243 m2.g-1. From the results of AAS analysis, the optimum time and pH for Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions was 40 min at pH 5 and 70 min at pH 4. With the Freundlich isotherm method, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Pb(II) ions was 9.6028 mg.g-1 and Cu(II) ions was 0.035 mg.g-1, and the adsorption effectiveness on liquid waste for Pb and Cu metals was 1.9454 mg.g-1 and 0.4251 mg.g-1, respectively. The results showed that activated carbon from the nutmeg shell (Myristica fragrans) was able to reduce the levels of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in liquid waste.
Journal Article
GC-MS method for identification of organic chemical compounds nutmeg flesh of North Minahasa local varieties
The organic chemical compound Myristica fragrans has been identified in North Minahasa Regency. This study succeeded in identifying Neoisolongifolane, hydroxy-, 1HCyclopropa [a]naphthalene, 1a, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7a, 7b-octahydro-1, 1, 7, 7a-tetramethyl, [1aR(1aα,7a,7aα,7bα)]-; 4,7-Methanoazulene, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-octahydro-1, 4, 9, 9-tetramethyl-, [1S-(1a,4a,7a)]-; Patchouli alcohol, 1(2H)- Naphthalenone, octahydro-4a, 8a-dimethyl-7-(1-ethylethyl)- [4aR-(4aα,7ß,8aα)]-, and Isoleden.
Journal Article
Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review
Natural products have been used by humanity for many centuries to treat various illnesses and with the advancement of technology, it became possible to isolate the substances responsible for the beneficial effects of these products, as well as to understand their mechanisms. In this context, myristicin, a substance of natural origin, has shown several promising activities in a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies carried out. This molecule is found in plants such as nutmeg, parsley, carrots, peppers, and several species endemic to the Asian continent. The purpose of this review article is to discuss data published in the last 10 years at Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo databases, reporting beneficial effects, toxicity and promising data of myristicin for its future use in medicine. From 94 articles found in the literature, 68 were included. Exclusion criteria took into account articles whose tested extracts did not have myristicin as one of the major compounds.
Journal Article
Termiticidal, biochemical, and morpho-histological effects of botanical based nanoemulsion against a subterranean termite, Odontotermes Formosanus Shiraki
Recently, the use of nanopesticides has shown significant efficacy in the control of many pests. However, the effect of nanopesticides, especially nanoemulsions, on suppressing termites, Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki, 1909) ( O. formosanus ), has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to produce nanoemulsions of the essential oils of eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus Labill; E-EO) and nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans Houtt; N-EO) to suppress O. formosanus . The analysis of eucalyptus nanoemulsion (E-NE) and nutmeg nanoemulsion (N-NE) was confirmed by using UV-Vis, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) exhibited the major constituents of E-NE and N-NE. The principal chemical components of E-NE included D-limonene, eucalyptol, 1,5-cyclooctadiene,3,4-dimethyl, benzene, and 1-methyl-3-(1 methylethyl)-, while the main constituents in N-NE were cyclohexane,1-methylene-4-(1 methylethenyl)-, eucalyptol, and L-. alpha. -terpineol. The mortality rates were 100% and 99.53%, respectively, after 24 hours of treatment with a concentration of 140 mg/mL, compared to 23.43% and 43.55%, respectively, from E-EO and N-EO treatment. These results refer to the essential oils’ nanoemulsion as far more effective than the essential oils themselves. Furthermore, the effects of E-NE and N-NE on detoxification enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase were investigated, as well as total protein concentrations, and the results have been found to be significantly increasing or decreasing in comparison with control. Besides, histological and morphological alterations found post exposure to E-NE and N-NE were shown. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the nanopesticide-formulated nanoemulsions may have great potential to be used as novel, environmentally safe insecticides for controlling O. formosanus .
Journal Article
Enhancement of Quality of Nutmeg Oil Using Rotary Vaccumm Evaporator
One business opportunity in terms of increasing the economic value of nutmeg is the content of essential oils in nutmeg. The nutmeg oil producing area in Aceh province is centralized in South Aceh Region. Nutmeg oil has a distinctive aroma and high oil yield. The quality of nutmeg oil is determined by the content of myristicin which gives a distinctive aroma to nutmeg oil [1]. In terms of improving the quality of nutmeg oil, purification process are carried out with a rotary vacumm evaporator in order to isolate myristicin which is an active compound of nutmeg oil. The isolation process to purify nutmeg oil was carried out at an operating pressure of 300 mbar and temperature of 450 °C was increase myristicin content up to 53.41%. Test results of characteristics such as specific gravity, refractive index have meet the requirement of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-2388-2006.
Journal Article
Survivability of Lactobacillus plantarum in nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) flesh extract and its effect on the performance of broiler chicken
Objective: This study aimed to see if increasing the concentration of nutmeg flesh extract in vitro could increase the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria and if it had any effect on broiler chicken performance. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations of nutmeg flesh extract (5, 10, 15, and 20/100 ml distilled water) were combined with 10 ml L. plantarum (bacterial concentration 1 × 109 cfu/ ml) to produce synbiotics. A total of 250 unsexed Lohmann broiler chickens were reared together from 0 to 7 days of age in the in vivo study. Beginning on day 8, synbiotics nutmeg flesh extract and L. plantarum were added to the ration in amounts of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 ml/kg for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, while no synbiotics were added to the control diet (T0). Results: The levels of nutmeg flesh extract had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on L. plantarum growth. In the survival test against gastric acid, bile salts, and temperature, the addition of nut¬meg flesh extract (20/100 ml distilled water) significantly (p < 0.05) maintained the population of L. plantarum. In vivo studies showed that the T1,T2,T3, and T4 groups gained more body weight (p < 0.05) than the T0 group during the rearing period but had no effect (p > 0.05) on the internal organ weight and carcass of broiler chickens. Conclusions: Nutmeg flesh extract could stimulate the growth of L. plantarum bacteria, and using it as a synbiotic could improve broiler chicken performance.
Journal Article