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Future 4G systems require transmission of richer multimedia services which inevitably implies an increase in data rate. Orthogonal frequency and code division multiplexing (OFCDM) technique has shown promising results in achieving a high data rate while simultaneously combating multipath fading. OFCDM is an amalgamation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and two-dimensional (2D) spreading. 2D spreading helps to achieve diversity gains in both time and frequency domains. The present OFCDM systems employ 1D orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes to achieve the required 2D spreading in code multiplexed channels. However, 2D OVSF codes have better correlation properties in comparison to 1D OVSF codes. Motivated by this principle, the authors propose a spreading scheme for OFCDM systems using 2D OVSF codes. The spreading scheme is designed to increase the system throughput and reduce multi-code interference. Here, the authors study the OFCDM system performance using the proposed spreading scheme in a multipath fast fading channel with varying spreading factors in both time and frequency domains. The results are compared with the existing OFCDM systems using 1D OVSF codes.

Femtocells provide indoor coverage for voice and high speed data services and are self-deployed by end-users. Orthogonal frequency code division multiplexing (OFCDM) is a multi-carrier spread spectrum technique that utilizes two dimensional spreading in time and frequency domains simultaneously to improve frequency diversity and minimize multiuser access interference. In this paper, variable spreading factor (VSF)-OFCDM is employed in subcarrier allocation for femto users (FUEs) in a hybrid femto/macro network, and the effect of FUE deployment on macro users (MUEs) is studied. We evaluate the bit error rate (BER) performance of FUEs and MUEs through Monte Carlo simulation under various load conditions in noise and interference-limited scenarios. Relationship between the channel load and optimum spreading factor employed by FUEs for the given network configuration, is also analyzed. We provide various graphs showing the impact of FUE spreading factor on the MUE BER. We note that in interference-limited conditions, \\(4 8\\) spreading \\(( time freq.)\\) proves to be the best choice for macro users; and for the noise-limited case, when there are limited number of users and channel noise is dominant, \\(2 16\\) spreading is the optimum choice for the considered hybrid network configuration. We also evaluate the effect of femto wall penetration loss on macro BER for various spreading factors. The favorable spreading factor for MUEs is tabulated for different loads and different number of subcarriers, which can be used as a deployment guide in this heterogeneous network.