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The Brazilian higher education system has undergone an extensive process of structural reconfiguration in recent decades. As a result of multifaceted movements of financialization, oligopolization, and internationalization, the private market has become organized around seven publicly traded corporate groups that, despite representing only one in every ten higher education institutions, collectively accounted for nearly half of the private sector enrollments in 2022. This article aims to investigate the effects of market concentration on the profile of educational offerings, highlighting organizational transformations and the financial instruments underpinning this phenomenon. The results show that, due to the influence of oligopolies on educational policies and their significant growth over the past decade, there is a strong trend toward the Brazilian education system being dominated by distance learning courses, heavily concentrated in a few institutions. O sistema de educação superior brasileiro passou por um extenso processo de reconfiguração estrutural nas últimas décadas. Como fruto de movimentos multifacetados de financeirização, oligopolização e internacionalização, o mercado privado passou a se organizar em torno de sete grupos empresariais de capital aberto que, apesar de representarem apenas uma em cada dez instituições de ensino superior, respondiam, juntos, por quase metade das matrículas da rede privada em 2022. Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos da concentração de mercado para o perfil da oferta educacional, destacando as transformações organizacionais e os instrumentos financeiros que sustentam o fenômeno. Os resultados mostram que, em razão da influência dos oligopólios nas políticas educacionais e de seu significativo crescimento ao longo da última década, há uma forte tendência de que o sistema de ensino no Brasil seja dominado por cursos na modalidade a distância, fortemente concentrados em poucas instituições de ensino. El sistema de educación superior brasileño ha pasado por un extenso proceso de reconfiguración estructural en las últimas décadas. Como resultado de movimientos multifacéticos de financiarización, oligopolización e internacionalización, el mercado privado se ha organizado en torno a siete grupos empresariales que cotizan en bolsa, que, a pesar de representar solo una de cada diez instituciones de educación superior, representaron, en conjunto, casi la mitad de las matrículas de la red privada en 2022. Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar los efectos de la concentración del mercado en el perfil de la oferta educativa, destacando las transformaciones organizacionales y los instrumentos financieros que sustentan este fenómeno. Los resultados muestran que, debido a la influencia de los oligopolios en las políticas educativas y su significativo crecimiento durante la última década, hay una fuerte tendencia a que el sistema educativo en Brasil esté dominado por cursos en la modalidad a distancia, fuertemente concentrados en pocas instituciones educativas.

Since the 1970s, several state-led housing projects in Ecuador sought to address the housing deficit through social housing initiatives targeting low-income populations. This study analyzes the relationship between debt and urban space production in two emblematic cases: Solanda and Carapungo, located at the southern and northern edges of Quito. Using an inductive qualitative methodology based on semi-structured interviews with original residents and debtors, the research explores the mechanisms employed to build housing and manage financial obligations. Findings reveal that despite formal planning, housing units showed serious material and functional shortcomings, prompting widespread self-construction. Debt emerges not only as a means of housing access but also as a territorial structuring force, linking informal construction practices with collective neighborhood self-management in the absence of sufficient institutional support. The study contributes to a critical understanding of debt as a socio-spatial mechanism in the configuration of popular urbanization. Depuis les années 1970, plusieurs projets de logement publics en Équateur ont cherché à combler le déficit de logements par le biais d'initiatives de logement social ciblant les populations à faibles revenus. Cette étude analyse la relation entre dette et production d'espace urbain dans deux cas emblématiques : Solanda et Carapungo, situés aux confins sud et nord de Quito. À l'aide d'une méthodologie qualitative inductive basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec des résidents et des débiteurs d'origine, la recherche explore les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour construire des logements et gérer les obligations financières. Les résultats révèlent que, malgré une planification formelle, les logements présentaient de graves lacunes matérielles et fonctionnelles, favorisant l'autoconstruction généralisée. La dette apparaît non seulement comme un moyen d'accès au logement, mais aussi comme une force structurante territoriale, reliant les pratiques de construction informelles à l'autogestion collective des quartiers en l'absence de soutien institutionnel suffisant. Cette étude contribue à une compréhension critique de la dette comme mécanisme socio-spatial dans la configuration de l'urbanisation populaire Desde a década de 1970, vários projetos habitacionais liderados pelo Estado no Equador buscaram lidar com o déficit habitacional por meio de iniciativas de habitação social voltadas para populações de baixa renda. Este estudo analisa a relação entre dívida e produção do espaço urbano em dois casos emblemáticos: Solanda e Carapungo, localizados nas extremidades sul e norte de Quito. Utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa indutiva baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores originais e devedores, a pesquisa explora os mecanismos empregados para construir moradias e administrar obrigações financeiras. Os resultados revelam que, apesar do planejamento formal, as unidades habitacionais apresentaram sérias deficiências materiais e funcionais, levando à autoconstrução generalizada. A dívida surge não apenas como um meio de acesso à moradia, mas também como uma força estruturante territorial, vinculando práticas informais de construção à autogestão coletiva do bairro na ausência de apoio institucional suficiente. O estudo contribui para uma compreensão crítica da dívida como um mecanismo socioespacial na configuração da urbanização popular. Desde la década de 1970, varios planes estatales en Ecuador buscaron mitigar el déficit habitacional mediante proyectos de vivienda social para poblaciones de bajos recursos. Este estudio analiza la relación entre deuda y producción del espacio urbano en dos casos emblemáticos: Solanda y Carapungo, ubicados en los extremos sur y norte de Quito. A través de una metodología cualitativa e inductiva basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas a los primeros residentes y deudores, se indaga en los mecanismos utilizados para construir las viviendas y afrontar el endeudamiento. Los hallazgos revelan que, pese a la planificación inicial, las viviendas presentaron serias limitaciones materiales y funcionales, lo que condujo a procesos generalizados de autoconstrucción. La deuda no solo aparece como medio de acceso a la vivienda, sino también como factor configurador del territorio, articulando prácticas de autogestión barrial ante la insuficiencia de respuestas institucionales. El estudio aporta a una lectura crítica del rol de la deuda en la urbanización popular

Good Jobs, Bad Jobs provides an insightful analysis of how and why precarious employment is gaining ground in the labor market and the role these developments have played in the decline of the middle class. Kalleberg shows that by the 1970s, government deregulation, global competition, and the rise of the service sector gained traction, while institutional protections for workers—such as unions and minimum-wage legislation—weakened. Together, these forces marked the end of postwar security for American workers. The composition of the labor force also changed significantly; the number of dual-earner families increased, as did the share of the workforce comprised of women, non-white, and immigrant workers. Of these groups, blacks, Latinos, and immigrants remain concentrated in the most precarious and low-quality jobs, with educational attainment being the leading indicator of who will earn the highest wages and experience the most job security and highest levels of autonomy and control over their jobs and schedules. Kalleberg demonstrates, however, that building a better safety net—increasing government responsibility for worker health care and retirement, as well as strengthening unions—can go a long way toward redressing the effects of today’s volatile labor market. There is every reason to expect that the growth of precarious jobs—which already make up a significant share of the American job market—will continue. Good Jobs, Bad Jobs deftly shows that the decline in U.S. job quality is not the result of fluctuations in the business cycle, but rather the result of economic restructuring and the disappearance of institutional protections for workers. Only government, employers and labor working together on long-term strategies—including an expanded safety net, strengthened legal protections, and better training opportunities—can help reverse this trend.

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced a significant adverse supply shock, leading to severe recessions and accelerated inflation across global economies. This study investigates the impact of the pandemic on the macroeconomic performance and monetary policy efficiency of Latin American countries operating under Inflation Targeting (IT). Utilizing the output-inflation variability efficiency frontier method, we decompose changes in macroeconomic performance into those driven by supply shock variability and those attributable to monetary policy efficiency. Our analysis of ten Latin American countries reveals a universal decline in macroeconomic performance during the pandemic. Notably, only the central banks of the Dominican Republic and Mexico demonstrated a partial mitigation of the adverse supply shock, underscoring the importance of efficient monetary policy in crisis management. These findings highlight the critical role of effective monetary policies in stabilizing economies during periods of heightened uncertainty.

Here is an extensive and highly original inquiry into the origins, dynamics, and internal order of the modern metropolis. Allen J. Scott demonstrates how the metropolis emerges out of the basic mechanisms of production and work in contemporary society, and how those mechanisms guide general patterns of urban development. His work will be stimulating to social scientists and to planners and policy makers as well. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1988. Many titles in the Voices Revived program are also newly available as ebooks, offered at a discounted price to support wider access to scholarly work.

Objective. This work sought to characterize the primary care nursing consultation services reported in the official systems of health services records in Colombia between 2002 and 2020. Methods. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional,retrospective study. Node geographic analysis and descriptive statistics were performed for quantitative data from theSpecial Registry of Health Providers and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Results. The study identified 6079 nursing services of which 72% are outpatient, 95.05% are assigned to institutions providing health services, 99.75% are of low complexity, and 48.22% of the offer was created in the last five years. The nodes with the highest increase in the offer of services are Caribbean (n = 909) and Pacific (n = 499), while Amazon (n = 48) showed the lowest offer in the last fiveyears. Conclusions. Disparity is evident in the availability of services by region and node, in addition to a low liberal exercise to provide nursing care.

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytania dotyczące cech charakteryzujących rozwój rynku NewConnect od momentu jego uruchomienia aż do końca 2012 r., ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyników badań obejmujących oferty pierwotne akcji przeprowadzone przez wszystkich docelowych debiutantów we wskazanym okresie. Artykuł składa się ze wstępu, dwóch części zasadniczych oraz podsumowania. We wstępie określono cel, jaki przyświecał autorom opracowania, oraz wskazano hipotezy – główną oraz cząstkowe. Pierwsza z części zasadniczych dotyczy teoretycznych oraz prawnych aspektów funkcjonowania alternatywnego systemu obrotu w Polsce, w tym miejsca NewConnect w ramach rynku kapitałowego oraz procesu przeprowadzania ofert pierwotnych i debiutu. Druga zawiera wyniki badań dotyczących liczby, kapitalizacji oraz ofert pierwotnych spółek na rynku alternatywnym, a także geograficznego i sektorowego podziału notowanych na nim emitentów. W podsumowaniu ustosunkowano się do hipotezy głównej oraz zawarto ogólne wnioski płynące z badań literaturowych i empirycznych, a także wskazano obszary, które wymagają dalszej analizy. Przeprowadzone badania w pełni pozwoliły na realizację zakładanego celu opracowania. Wyniki potwierdzają hipotezę główną, mówiącą o tym, że rynek NewConnect zyskuje na znaczeniu jako miejsce przeprowadzania ofert pierwotnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przedsiębiorstw niespełniających warunków dopuszczenia do notowań na rynku głównym GPW, zarówno w ujęciu wartościowym (suma przeprowadzanych ofert), jak i względnym (udział ofert pierwotnych w alternatywnym systemie w ogólnej ich sumie). Udana okazała się również weryfikacja hipotez cząstkowych, potwierdzających daleko bardziej uniwersalny charakter rynku NewConnect niż w pierwotnych założeniach jego organizatora, a także komplementarność tego rynku w stosunku do rynku głównego warszawskiej giełdy.

To relate the dentists' perception of working conditions regarding the supply and demand of public and private dental services in the county of Curridabat in 2022. It is qualitative study that also had a quantitative component. Data come from different sources: a national dentist's survey (from the College of Dental Surgeons), the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with dental professionals practicing in Curridabat. The following dimensions were analyzed: labor sector, location, underemployment, type of work, occupational health, logistics, resources, work environment, professional development, and satisfaction. Work stability in the districts of Curridabat, Granadilla, and Sánchez was considered satisfactory. In contrast, in the district of Tirrases, people interviewed considered it acceptable. The economic stability of Curridabat was estimated as appropriate concerning the workload. In Granadilla dentists mentioned that it is fluctuating, and according to the participants, there are few opportunities to grow their income. In Sánchez, it was estimated that long-term stability existed. In Tirrases it was satisfactory, mainly in the public sector. The income perceived, considering experience, investment, and lifestyle, is adequate. The proximity of work to home, the possibility of professional growth, the number of patients, and the district's urban development decreased the desire to relocate. Points of improvement were found in the occupational health of the people interviewed, such as ergonomics and proper stress management. Dentists working conditions in Curridabat allow them to provide a quality service to the population, similarities between the public and private sectors were found. The supply and demand of services depend mainly on the geographic location and the socioeconomic level of the population. Finally, this project provides significant bases for future studies at the cantonal and national levels in Costa Rica.

Objective: The aim of this study is to reflect on the profile and challenges of the teaching profession in a technologically and humanly challenging educational context, with the aim of understanding the relevance and status of the teaching career, as well as assessing and contextualizing the appeal and social commitment of this profession.    Theoretical Framework: We brought together leading theorists, methodologists, pedagogues and thinkers related to the world of education and pedagogy, with special emphasis on Portuguese-Brazilian, European and Spanish-American authors.   Method: Narrative literature review, seeking to describe or discuss the current state of the research topic. Results and Discussion: The relational triad between the function, the missions and the designs of the teaching function throughout the ages, whose conceptual-reflexive intersection embraces, exposes difficulties and, essentially, points to paths to be trodden in the future by those who (still) respond to the call to embrace a sick career.   Implications of the research: In the future, there are certain considerations that can be reflected on and improved, based on the structure and conceptual basis emanating from the reference authors (and works) that deal with the subject under debate and reflection.   Originality/Value: This review uniquely promotes reflection on the past (more or less recent) and the present and, above all, identifies some issues to be worked on for the future in this context and in the face of the real and current challenges of the teaching profession, in a socio-economic and socio-political context that is constantly changing, which is largely based on the assumption of the conjectural function of technical-technological conciliation with the interaction and social responsibility of the teacher towards society. Objective: The aim of this study is to reflect on the profile and challenges of the teaching profession in a technologically and humanly challenging educational context, with the aim of understanding the relevance and status of the teaching career, as well as assessing and contextualizing the appeal and social commitment of this profession.    Theoretical Framework: We brought together leading theorists, methodologists, pedagogues and thinkers related to the world of education and pedagogy, with special emphasis on Portuguese-Brazilian, European and Spanish-American authors.   Method: Narrative literature review, seeking to describe or discuss the current state of the research topic. Results and Discussion: The relational triad between the function, the missions and the designs of the teaching function throughout the ages, whose conceptual-reflexive intersection embraces, exposes difficulties and, essentially, points to paths to be trodden in the future by those who (still) respond to the call to embrace a sick career.   Implications of the research: In the future, there are certain considerations that can be reflected on and improved, based on the structure and conceptual basis emanating from the reference authors (and works) that deal with the subject under debate and reflection.   Originality/Value: This review uniquely promotes reflection on the past (more or less recent) and the present and, above all, identifies some issues to be worked on for the future in this context and in the face of the real and current challenges of the teaching profession, in a socio-economic and socio-political context that is constantly changing, which is largely based on the assumption of the conjectural function of technical-technological conciliation with the interaction and social responsibility of the teacher towards society.

Resumo Neste artigo, investiga-se a financeirização da economia brasileira em escala macroeconômica. Para isso, cinco indicadores de financeirização são analisados. Posteriormente, constrói-se um modelo econométrico com base no índice de financeirização de Bruno et al (2009), abrangendo os anos 1996 a 2017, para relacionar a financeirização com variáveis macroeconômicas. Com a utilização do VEC, por meio de relações de longo prazo (cointegração) e Funções Impulso Resposta, observa-se que a financeirização impacta de forma negativa o crescimento econômico. Resultados secundários também apontam nessa direção, com a financeirização atingindo de forma desfavorável a oferta e a demanda agregada. Abstract This paper investigates the financialization of the Brazilian economy on a macroeconomic scale. For this, five financialization indicators are analyzed. Subsequently, an econometric model is constructed based on the financialization index of Bruno et al (2009), covering the years 1996 to 2017, to relate financialization with macroeconomic variables. With the use of VEC, through long-term relationships (cointegration) and Impulse Response Functions, it can be observed that financialization has a negative impact on economic growth. Secondary results also point in this direction, with financialization reaching unfavorably aggregate supply and demand. JEL: E20, E44, G00.