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This study explores the role of non-oil institutional sectors in the economic growth of the Saudi economy during the years 1970-2020, using vector auto regression, impulse response function, and variance decomposition. The results of study support the impact of the oil and non-oil sectors (private and public) on the economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The results show that the growth of the oil sector is more vulnerable to shocks, negatively reflecting economic growth for long periods. However, growth in the non-oil sector is stable and reduces the negative shocks on economic growth. Both the private and public sectors contribute to economic stability. The study recommends continuing efforts to diversify the economy and enhance the cooperation and mutual linkages among different sectors, especially the public and private sectors, to contribute in the economic growth coherent with Vision 2030.

The recent decline in oil prices caused Kazakhstan, like many oil-dependent countries, to lose its financial resources and weaken economically. In Kazakhstan, which supplies about 50% of budget revenues from oil and petroleum products, the currency (KZT) has depreciated by 20% in the first and 60% in the second stage due to oil prices falling sharply in 2014. Also in March 2020, the Kazakh tenge, which was affected by the drop in oil prices, depreciated by 18%. The fact that oil revenues are not used correctly and strategically in time and the necessary attention to non-oil sectors has an effect on this. In order to get out of this situation, it is important for Kazakhstan to give importance to the development of non-oil sectors and to ensure the development of exports in these sectors. In this study, the importance of the oil sector in Kazakhstan economy and the current situation of non-oil sectors are examined. In addition, suggestions and recommendations were given for the development of the non-oil sector and exports.

Indonesia must establish a policy on the application of technology for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions because it is the nation that produces the most palm oil. When evaluating different technologies, policymakers should consider how much the technology will cost compared to the potential emissions abated, in terms of marginal abatement cost (MAC), which reflects priorities in the form of marginal abatement cost curves (MACC). The objective of this research is to evaluate and estimate the ranking of MAC from eight mitigation technologies used in Indonesia’s palm oil sector between 2020 and 2030. The least MAC is given as technology ranked first, namely the high-capacity boiler, with a value of$-19.61/tonne CO2eq followed by the high-efficiency steam turbine with $ -7.2/tonne CO2eq, and the POME-to-biogas technology with $-0.1/tonne CO2eq. Additionally, the MAC of five additional technologies is positive, suggesting that implementation expenses were incurred. Subsequently, a sensitivity analysis is performed to see which technology ranks are impacted by interest rate fluctuations. Biogas upgrading technology is therefore liable to changes in the discount rate, which occur at different values. Other mitigation technologies, however, are also increasing their parameters, although less significantly than biogas upgrading, therefore this has no bearing on mitigation technology ranking.

The objective of the investigation was to describe the sources of conflicts in the execution of projects in companies of the oil sector in the Eastern Coast of the Lake of Zulia state. The type of research was descriptive, with a non-experimental field design. The population was made up of 22 subjects who hold the positions of Managers, Leaders and Project Engineers. The data collection technique used was the survey, subjected to a validation process by the judgment of seven experts in the area, and reliability was determined by means of the Alpha-Cronbach Coefficient, which was 0.92, being very high reliability. Subsequently, descriptive and inferential statistics were used by obtaining measures of central tendency and variability, allowing the corresponding analysis and discussion of results to be generated. As a proposal, the strategic guideline was generated for the identification of the sources of conflicts in the execution of projects.

This paper examines the effect of financial system development on oil-dominant economy of Nigeria using Zivot-Andrews unit root test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over the period 1981 to 2015. The motivation of this paper is that the study distinguished the impact of financial system development on the non-oil sector from the oil sector. The study also differs from the usual yet unsatisfactory approach of measuring financial system development in Nigeria to build an index as a measure that characterizes the whole development in the financial sector using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The result reveals that there exist mediating factors that alter the impact of finance on growth. Specifically, the findings indicate that financial system development has a negative and insignificant impact on the growth of oil sector while the influence of financial system development on the growth of non-oil sector is positive and significant. The study therefore recommend that policymakers should channel the high receipts from the export of crude to productive investments through financial institutions that will allocate the resources more efficiently to improve the quality of investment capable of driving growth.

After restoration of its independence in 1991, Azerbaijan became an important and active player in the region due to its oil and gas reserves and its geopolitical location. As it can be predicted, Azerbaijan soon attracted Transnational Corporations (TNCs) which were seeking natural resources. In 1994, the Contract of the Century (BTC) was signed between partner countries, and Azerbaijan got start towards a rapidly flourishing country. However, today there is an economic crisis since its economy mainly depends on oil and gas exports. The paper reviews three types of FDIs, analysis which kind of FDI is beneficial for Azerbaijan and seeks for opportunities and possibilities to divert FDI inflows to the development of non-oil sector, such as agriculture, tourism and updating soviet ventures in industry.

In recent years, fluctuations in natural resource prices have significantly impacted the economies of countries that rely heavily on specific natural resources. Previous studies on resource-rich countries have primarily focused on natural resource industries, often overlooking the importance of developing non-natural resource industries, which in turn has constrained broader economic development. In response to this gap, the present study aims to explore how non-natural resource enterprises in resource-rich countries attain enterprise competitiveness. To achieve this, a qualitative case study approach is adopted, with oil-rich Brunei selected as the focal case. Based on the findings, this study proposes 5 strategic dimensions for Brunei's non-oil and gas sector – operation maintaining, financial diagnosing, organization flexibilizing, structure balancing, and development securing – which may serve as a valuable reference for other resource-rich countries seeking to pursue economic diversification.

This study analyzes global research trends in the environmental dimensions of the palm oil sector through a bibliometric approach. Using the Scopus database from 2013 to 2023, a total of 21 publications were retrieved and examined with the assistance of Publish or Perish and VOSviewer software to visualize co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrences, and thematic clusters. The findings reveal that environmental research on palm oil is dominated by Indonesian scholars, reflecting the country’s central role in the global palm oil industry. Publication trends show an overall increase in academic output, peaking in 2021 with eight articles (38% of the dataset), while 2014–2016 recorded no indexed publications. Thematic mapping indicates key research areas focusing on sustainability, land-use change, environmental management, and corporate responsibility. Despite progress, the field remains fragmented, highlighting the need for stronger interdisciplinary collaboration and policy-oriented research to address environmental and socio-economic challenges in the palm oil sector.

For decades, Saudi Arabia has relied heavily on oil revenues to support its economic growth. While this strategy brought substantial benefits, oil prices and global demand remain volatile, and oil itself is a non-renewable resource. These realities raise important concerns about long-term economic sustainability. In response, the country has pursued economic diversification to reduce risk and build a more resilient growth model. This study examines how the roles of the oil and non-oil sectors in driving GDP growth evolved between 1970 and 2024. To capture differences across economic conditions, the study applies both four and ten quantile regression models. These approaches allow us to observe how sectoral contributions change across low, moderate, and high growth periods. The results show that oil sector growth remains positive and significant across the distribution of GDP growth, with a stronger effect during periods of higher growth. At the same time, the non-oil sector is gaining importance, not only in stronger growth conditions, but is also cushioning the economy in periods of low growth. This signals gradual structural progress toward a more balanced and sustainable economy. The two-state Markov-switching model further identifies two persistent growth regimes: one more oil-dependent and another relatively more diversified. However, oil continues to play a meaningful role in both regimes. Overall, the findings suggest a gradual, steady transition rather than a sharp structural break. For long-term sustainability, Saudi Arabia needs to continue strengthening the productivity, resilience, and competitiveness of its non-oil sectors through its oil revenues accrued during periods of high growth. The implications of this study would be beneficial for all resource-rich economies aiming at economic diversification.