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This paper presents an experimental investigation on photovoltaic array (PV array) power output affected by partial shading conditions (PSCs). An experiment setup of a PV array with a series configuration using 2 × 4 photovoltaic modules (PV modules) was built. The power output loss due to the shading effect on the first photovoltaic cells (PV cell) connected with bypass diodes of each photovoltaic module, installed in the PV array in the horizontal direction, was evaluated. Depending on the direction of the sun relative to the PV array configuration, the shading percentage was measured during the test and recorded the current and voltage of the PV array. The performance evaluation of the PV array configurations is referred to with respect to the values of maximum power voltage, the maximum power current, maximum power output, power output losses and fill factor (FF). The experimental results show that 44% shading of the first PV cells affects PV array power output loss by more than 80%.

We use Synthetic Control Methodology to estimate the output loss in Tunisia as a result of the “Arab Spring.” Our results suggest that the loss was 5.5 percent, 5.1 percent, and 6.4 percent of GDP in 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively. These findings are robust to a series of tests, including placebo tests, and are consistent with those from an Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model of Tunisia’s economic growth. Moreover, we find that investment was the main channel through which the economy was adversely impacted by the Arab Spring.

This study uses two large datasets to explore the output dynamics following economic disasters, one including 180 economic disasters across 38 countries over the last two centuries and the other including 204 disasters in 182 countries since World War II. Our results suggest that extreme economic crises are associated with huge and remarkably persistent loss. On average, output loss surges to above 26% in the first few years after the outbreak of a disaster and remains above 20% for as long as 20 years. It is only after more than 50 years that the loss is fully recovered.

These days, aquatic (fish) welfare is a major issue and a significant component that affects fish output. Although numerous factors can be involved, climate-induced floods are one of the most critical limiting factors in the aquaculture and fisheries industry’s development. Understanding the extent of losses and damages caused by floods at the farm level will thereby exacerbate pre-emptive policy responses. Thus, the impact of floods on fish production by focusing on catfish earthen pond-based farmers in Southwest Nigeria is presented. A survey is conducted for 150 fish farms in the region. A marginal treatment effects (MTE) approach is employed to determine the heterogeneity across the households and the policy-relevant treatment effects (PRTE). The results show significant heterogeneity in the effects of floods on fish production, considering both observed and unobserved characteristics of the farmers. It is shown that flood significantly increases output loss. Furthermore, farmers with high propensity scores to flood tend to have a high likelihood of incurring output loss. The estimates of PRTE reveal that relaxing policy strategies, such as access to climate information and climate-related training and workshops, would significantly exacerbate output loss due to flood incidences. Thus, intensifying awareness and sensitization on climate change policies will address the flood menace and still increase food production.

Although earthquakes are large idiosyncratic shocks for affected regions, little is known of their impact on economic activity. Seismic events are rare, the data are crude (the Richter scale measures the magnitude, but says nothing of the associated damages), and counterfactuals are often entirely absent. Using a geophysical methodology devised to gauge seismic damages (the so-called Mercalli scale), we study the evolution of output and employment following seismic events in 95 Italian provinces from 1986 to 2011 for a total of 22 earthquakes. Our identification strategy relies on ideal counterfactuals: ex ante identical neighboring provinces that only differ ex post in terms of damages. We show that following an earthquake, the observed contraction of output and employment is generally small or even negligible. In some cases, the net effect on output and employment can be positive because the stimulus from the reconstruction activities more than compensate for the destruction of physical capital. Finally, we show that the effects on economic activity are nonpersistent, do not spill over from the epicentral region to the neighbors, and tend to be reabsorbed within 2 years from the event.

The conversion from black tiger shrimp farming and crop farming to white leg shrimp production is widespread in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta provinces. However, this conversion trend also contains many risks related to the technical aspects of the production process. The study mainly aims to estimate the technical efficiency of white leg shrimp farming. It also compares the technical efficiency of white leg shrimp farming between the traditional group that historically has cultivated white leg shrimp and the group that recently converted from black tiger shrimp and crops to white leg shrimp, in order to evaluate the efficiency and adaptability of shrimp farming. Primary data were collected by directly interviewing 99 farmers in traditional areas and 101 farmers in recently converted areas in the study sites and analyzed by using the stochastic frontier method. The calculated technical efficiency was around 72.9 percent, suggesting that farmers could increase their output level by about 27.1%, given constant inputs. There was no difference in the technical efficiency of the two groups, indicating that the converted farms have sufficient adaptability when switching to white leg shrimp farming. The output loss in farmers’ production is still very high, with an average loss of 1973 kg/hectare.

Generally, one of the important issues related to currency crises is the output losses caused by these phenomena. In this study, determinants of output losses and particularly the role of the central bank will be evaluated during currency crises. Moreover, the paper tries to investigate the roles of macroeconomic variables and also monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies on the output losses during currency crises. In this regard, an econometric model with panel data has been used for emerging market countries during 1980-2016. The results show that currency crises accruing have a positive and significant effect on output losses. While the successful defence of central bank has had the negative effects on the output losses, but it is positive for the unsuccessful defence and the non-intervention or immediate depreciation. However, the role of the macroeconomic condition is important where total foreign reserves can be considered as a buffer against the output losses, while inflation and deviation of the real exchange rate from its trend have had positive effects on the output losses. Finally, the output losses can be reduced by an active monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies.

In many industries and medical power system applications, dual power source design is often used to ensure that the equipment runs continuously, even when the main power supply is shut down. However, the voltage feedback between two independent power supplies and low loss output are critical issues for the system energy dissipation. Without using a dedicated chip, a new mutual blocking control technology is proposed in this paper to effectively solve the problem of voltage feedback existing in the conventional dual power system. In addition, without adding much hardware cost, the proposed dual power switch design can completely avoid voltage feedback and achieve a low voltage loss of about 30 mV when the load current is less than 0.5 A.

Due to the growing demand for green energy, there is a shortage of land available for the location of wind farms. Therefore, the distances between turbines are being reduced, and the power of the turbines is being increased. This results in increased wake loss. The article describes a study of the impact of wind speed deficit and loss of wind turbine output due to wake loss on the decrease in energy efficiency of a wind farm. Two proposed wind farms, where the maximum number of turbines are located, were analyzed. The facilities were designed for implementation in Central Europe. The basic costs of construction and operation of the wind farms (WFs) were estimated. Based on the results of wind measurements and the performance characteristics of wind turbines, the productivity of the WFs was determined. The impact of removing individual turbines with the largest wake losses from the wind farm on the economic outcome of the project was studied. Evaluation criteria were proposed to quantify losses, which can serve as a benchmark for evaluating other wind farms. It was found that the higher the turbine’s power rating, the faster the payback resulting from the wake losses of a single turbine.

Background India’s large youth population presents a significant opportunity to harness the demographic dividend. The disease burden in adolescents could be a hindrance for the future economy if not appropriately addressed. Methods We utilised the data on the number of adolescent deaths and attributable years lived with disability (morbidity) in every state of India as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. We estimated the economic impact as the cost of lost output due to premature adolescent deaths and morbidity for every state of India in 2021, using an output-based method. The cost of lost output is reported in US Dollars (USD) and as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for all diseases/conditions together, and separately for communicable diseases (CDs), non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and injuries. Results The lost output from premature deaths and morbidity attributable to adolescents was USD 9.87 (95% CI 9.04–10.71) and USD 28.13 (95% CI 20.53–37.71) billion respectively, in India in 2021. The total economic loss of USD 38.01 billion (95% CI 29.57–48.41) was 1.30% (1.01–1.65) of India’s GDP. The total economic loss as a percentage of the state’s GDP varied 3.42 times between the states in 2021, ranging from 2.43% in Bihar to 0.71% in Sikkim. The total economic loss due to CDs, NCDs, and injuries was estimated at 0.45%, 0.69% and 0.16% of India’s GDP in 2021, with significant variations across the states. Conclusions Strengthening the Indian Adolescent Health Strategy to address the diseases/ conditions contributing most to the total economic loss is needed to facilitate substantial avoidance of the high economic losses attributable to adolescent premature deaths and morbidity in India.