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\"Showcasing the rich cultural and environmental history of Kailua through vintage and contemporary photographs, maps, insightful essays and stories, and songs written by residents. Twenty three authors, most with Kailua ties, wrote on topics such as early land ownership, culture, archaeology, geology, environment and community\"--Publisher's web site.

1. Sexual signals may be acquired or lost over evolutionary time, and are tempered in their exaggeration by natural selection. 2. In the Pacific cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, a mutation (\"flatwing\") causing loss of the sexual signal, the song, spread in <20 generations in two of three Hawaiian islands where the crickets have been introduced. Flatwing (as well as some normal-wing) males behave as satellites, moving towards and settling near calling males to intercept phonotactic females. 3. From 2005 to 2012, we surveyed crickets and their responses to conspecific song, noting the morph and number of males and females before and after experimental playbacks. The three Hawaiian islands consistently contained different proportions of flatwing crickets, ranging from about 90% of males on Kauai to 50% on Oahu to rare on the Big Island of Hawaii. 4. Flatwing and normal-wing males do not appear to differ in responsiveness to playback, a behaviour that should influence the likelihood of a male encountering a phonotactic female. Instead, male and female crickets from populations in which little to no calling song is perceptible during development tended to seek out callers more readily than crickets that developed in noisier environments. Such increased phonotaxis makes females more likely to find either the caller to which they are responding or to encounter a flatwing (or normal male satellite) that has also been attracted to the song. 5. Our evidence suggests that pre-existing behavioural plasticity (manifest as flexible responses to social—particularly acoustic—information in the environment) is associated with the rapid spread of the flatwing trait. Different social environments select for differential success of flatwing or normal-wing males, which in turn alters the social environment itself.

Imaging spectroscopy has the potential to map closely related plant taxa at landscape scales. Although spectral investigations at the leaf and canopy levels have revealed relationships between phylogeny and reflectance, understanding how spectra differ across, and are inherited from, genotypes of a single species has received less attention. We used a common-garden population of four varieties of the keystone canopy tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, from Hawaii Island and four F1-hybrid genotypes derived from controlled crosses to determine if reflectance spectra discriminate sympatric, conspecific varieties of this species and their hybrids. With a single exception, pairwise comparisons of leaf reflectance patterns successfully distinguished varieties of M. polymorpha on Hawaii Island as well as populations of the same variety from different islands. Further, spectral variability within a single variety from Hawaii Island and the older island of Oahu was greater than that observed among the four varieties on Hawaii Island. F1 hybrids most frequently displayed leaf spectral patterns intermediate to those of their parent taxa. Spectral reflectance patterns distinguished each of two of the hybrid genotypes from one of their parent varieties, indicating that classifying hybrids may be possible, particularly if sample sizes are increased. This work quantifies a baseline in spectral variability for an endemic Hawaiian tree species and advances the use of imaging spectroscopy in biodiversity studies at the genetic level.

\"Portable, up-to-date, and to-the-point, Frommer's Honolulu and Oahu day by day is all about maximizing the time you have to spend in Hawaii's liveliest slice of paradise. This itinerary-based book, written by long-time resident Martha Cheng, hits all of Oahu's highlights--and its hidden gems--from soaking up rays on world-famous Waikiki Beach to hiking through rainforests, visiting Pearl Harbor and catching the sunrise over Diamond Head. Inside the guide: -Full-color photos and useful maps, including a tear-resistant foldout map -Daily itineraries for seeing the sights in a limited amount of time -Outdoor adventures for travelers of all ages to explore Oahu's beaches, mountains, and jungles -Rewarding experiences for families, couples, food lovers, and those interested in Hawaii's culture and rich history, from indigenous customs to World War II -Reliable reviews of the best shops, restaurants, nightlife, and hotels, in all price ranges (from budget to luxury) -Helpful planning tips for getting there, getting around, and getting the most from your trip About Frommer's: There's a reason that Frommer's has been the most trusted name in travel for more than sixty years. Arthur Frommer created the best-selling guide series in 1957 to help American servicemen fulfill their dreams of travel in Europe, and since then, we have published thousands of titles became a household name helping millions upon millions of people realize their own dreams of seeing our planet. Travel is easy with Frommer's.\" -- provided by publisher.

This study conducted stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) on the epidermis and two skeletal elements (rib and squamosal bones) of Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and putative diet items obtained from two neritic sites: the Kona/Kohala coast and Oahu. Turtle tissues were collected in 2018–2020 and diet samples in 2018, 2019, and 2021. The effect of body size and sampling locality on individual bulk tissue isotope values was evaluated, and stable isotope mixing models based on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S values from those tissues and four groups of food sources were used to reconstruct diet histories of the turtles. Mixing models indicated that green turtles along the Kona/Kohala coast consumed an omnivorous diet, whereas those from Oahu had an herbivorous diet. These diet make-ups are consistent with published gut content analyses. However, mixing models using the stable isotope ratios in rib and squamosal bone failed to yield reasonable diet histories, probably due to inadequacies of the applied trophic discrimination factor (TDF), a key model parameter. These results further establish that stable isotope ratios in the epidermis can be used effectively to study green turtle diet, but also reveal that more validation—and establishment of appropriate TDFs—is needed before bone can be used reliably to assess green turtle diet.

The majority of bird extinctions since 1800 have occurred on islands, and non-native predators have been the greatest threat to the persistence of island birds. Island endemic species often lack life-history traits and behaviors that reduce the probability of predation and they can become evolutionarily trapped if they are unable to adapt, but few studies have examined the ability of island species to respond to novel predators. The greatest threat to the persistence of the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, is nest predation by non-native black rats (Rattus rattus). I examined whether Oahu Elepaio nest placement has changed at the individual and population levels in response to rat predation by measuring nest height and determining whether each nest produced offspring from 1996 to 2011. Average height of Oahu Elepaio nests increased 50% over this 16-year period, from 7.9 m (SE 1.7) to 12.0 m (SE 1.1). There was no net change in height of sequential nests made by individual birds, which means individual elepaios have not learned to place nests higher. Nests ≤3 m off the ground produced offspring less often, and the proportion of such nests declined over time, which suggests that nest-building behavior has evolved through natural selection by predation. Nest success increased over time, which may increase the probability of long-term persistence of the species. Rat control may facilitate the evolution of nesting height by slowing the rate of population decline and providing time for this adaptive response to spread through the population. La mayoría de las extinciones de aves desde 1800 han ocurrido en islas, y los depredadores no nativos han sido la mayor amenaza para la persistencia de aves insulares. Las especies insulares endémicas a menudo carecen de atributos de historia natural y conductuales que reducen la probabilidad de depredación y pueden entramparse evolutivamente si no tienen la capacidad de adaptarse, pero pocos estudios han examinado la habilidad de especies insulares para responder a depredadores nuevos. La depredación por ratas no nativas (Rattus rattus) es la mayor amenaza para la persistencia del Elapaio de Oahu (Chasiempis ibidis), una especie de ave de bosque en peligro. Examiné si la ubicación de nidos de C. ibidis ha cambiado a nivel individual y de población en respuesta a la depredación de ratas midiendo la altura de los nidos y determinando si cada nido produjo crías entre 1996 y 2011. La altura promedio de nidos incrementó 50% en este período de 16 años, de 7.9 m (ES 1.7) a 12.0 m (ES 1.1). No hubo cambio neto en la altura de nidos secuenciales construidos por aves individuales, lo que significa que elepaios individuales no han aprendido a colocar sus nidos más arriba. Los nidos ≤ 3m sobre el suelo produjeron menos crías, y la proporción de tales nidos declinó en el tiempo, lo que sugiere que el comportamiento de construcción de nidos ha evolucionado mediante selección natural por depredación. Los nidos exitosos incrementaron en el tiempo, lo que puede incrementar la probabilidad de persistencia de la especie a largo plazo. El control de ratas puede facilitar la evolución de la altura de anidación al disminuir la tasa de declinación poblacional y proporcionar tiempo para que esta respuesta adaptativa se disperse en la población.

Neofusicoccum parvum is a recently reported pathogen affecting Theobroma cacao L., and has been isolated from symptomatic pods on Oahu and Hawaii Islands. Determining infection routes and virulence are essential for assessing the impact of N. parvum on cacao production and developing effective disease management strategies. Infection routes were determined by inoculating unwounded stems and pods with six isolates of N. parvum alongside Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Phytophthora palmivora. Fifty percent of unwounded stems inoculated with P. palmivora developed lesions, but only a single lesion developed following inoculation with N. parvum (isolate H44). L. theobromae and the remaining N. parvum isolates did not induce lesion development on unwounded stems. In contrast, all N. parvum and L. theobromae isolates produced lesions on 40–100% of unwounded pods of GNV 164 and GNV 360. Low incidences of infection were observed in unwounded pods of ICS 95 (0–66.7%), SHRS 21 (0–75%), and SHRS 33 (0–20%). On wounded pods, all pathogen species produced similar size lesions, ranging from 1.90 to 7.60 cm four days after inoculation. Results from this study show that all three species can produce high rates of pod infection on some clones in the absence of wounds, but stem infection is less likely. In addition, this is the first report of L. theobromae infecting cacao pods and P. palmivora infecting stems in the absence of wounds.