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Computing and computers are introduced in school as important examples of technology, sometimes as a subject matter of their own, and sometimes they are used as tools for other subjects. All in all, one might even say that learning about computing and computers is part of learning about technology. Lately, many countries have implemented programming in their curricula as a means to address society’s dependence on, and need for programming knowledge and code. Programming is a fairly new school subject without educational traditions and, due to the rapid technological development, in constant change. This means that most programming teachers must decide for themselves what and how to teach. In this study, programming teachers’ teaching is studied. With the aim of exploring the connection/possible gap between teacher’s intentions and the teacher’s instructional practice , an expansion of the conceptual apparatus of phenomenography and variation theory is tested. In the article, phenomenography and variation theory and the suggested supplementary theoretical tool (Georg Henrik von Wright’s model of logic of events) are briefly presented and then deployed upon one selected case. Findings reveal that teachers’ intentions (reflected in their actions) include an emphasis (of teachers’ side) on the importance of balancing theory and practice, using different learning strategies, encouraging learning by trial-and-error and fostering collaboration between students for a deeper understanding of concepts. In conclusion, logic of events interpretations proves to be useful as a complementary tool to the conceptual apparatus of phenomenography.

Co-published with the Council on Undergraduate Research This book highlights the exciting work of two-year colleges to prepare students for their future careers through engagement in undergraduate research. It emerged from work in five community college systems thanks to two National Science Foundation grants the Council for Undergraduate Research received to support community colleges' efforts to establish undergraduate research programs. Chapters one, two, and three provide background information about community colleges, undergraduate research, and the systems the author worked with: California, City University of New York, Maricopa Community College District - Arizona, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. Chapter four examines success strategies. The next five chapters look at five approaches to undergraduate research: basic/applied, course-based, community-based, interdisciplinary, and partnership research. Chapters ten, eleven and twelve discuss ways to assess and evaluate undergraduate research experiences, inclusive pedagogy, and ways to advance undergraduate research. Today there are 942 public community colleges in the United States, providing affordable access to 6.8 million students who enrolled for credit in one of the public two-year institutions in the United States. Students are more prepared for the next step in their education or careers after participating in quality UR experiences.

This collection of creative lessons offers ideas for integrating design thinking, literacy and STEAM to drive SEL skills including self-awareness, self-management, mindfulness, responsible decision-making and social awareness. Research shows that creativity can be beneficial for mental health and can help build critical skills such as empathy and introspection, while social-emotional learning (SEL) is an integral part of education and human development. This book bridges these two ideas with a series of creative projects that foster SEL learning by promoting growth mindset, supporting mindfulness, offering ways to cope with anxiety and stress, and encouraging and guiding positive social activism. Opening with an overview of research behind the integration of SEL and creativity, the book then features a variety of lessons based on the above themes, illustrating how to deepen SEL by integrating the arts and STEAM learning in creative and authentic ways. The activities are drawn from the work of the authors and a diverse group of educator contributors to provide engaging, insightful and culturally responsive learning opportunities appropriate for traditional or online/blended learning environments. The book: Highlights a diverse array of educators, innovators and design-thinkers who share their insights on SEL, STEAM and creativity. Offers an accessible and fun approach to teaching SEL, which is critical to education and human development. Guides teachers in implementing the following ISTE Standards for Students: Creative Communicator, Innovative Designer and Knowledge Constructor. This book invites teachers to consider a variety of formats — print and digital, audio, video games and more — and shows how helping students become creators and design-thinkers can foster SEL. Audience: K-12 educators

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increasingly relied on to provide the functionality and value to products, systems, and infrastructure in sectors including transportation, health care, manufacturing, and electrical power generation and distribution. CPS are smart, networked systems with embedded sensors, computer processors, and actuators that sense and interact with the physical world; support real-time, guaranteed performance; and are often found in critical applications. Cyber-physical systems have the potential to provide much richer functionality, including efficiency, flexibility, autonomy, and reliability, than systems that are loosely coupled, discrete, or manually operated, but also can create vulnerability related to security and reliability. Advances in CPS could yield systems that can communicate and respond faster than humans; enable better control and coordination of large-scale systems, such as the electrical grid or traffic controls; improve the efficiency of systems; and enable advances in many areas of science. As CPS become more pervasive, so too will demand for a workforce with the capacity and capability to design, develop, and maintain them. Building on its research program in CPS, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has begun to explore requirements for education and training. As part of that exploration, NSF asked the National Research Council of the National Academies to study the topic. Two workshops were convened in 2014, on April 30 and October 2-3 in Washington, D.C., to explore the knowledge and skills required for CPS work, education, and training requirements and possible approaches to retooling engineering and computer science programs and curricula to meet these needs. Interim Report on 21st Century Cyber-Physical Systems Education highlights emerging themes and summarizes related discussions from the workshops.

School principals, who are responsible for all kinds of activities, should make necessary efforts in order to provide an effective learning environment. It is known that students usually have difficulties in visualizing abstract concepts in their minds and these difficulties are most often observed when teaching mathematics. Activating lessons for students by using tangible materials rather than abstract concepts will facilitate the teaching process considerably. The sample group of this study consisted of 184 school principals selected by the random sampling method from the school principals working in three provinces in the 2016-2017 academic year. All population lists of this study were accessed from the 2015-2019 Strategic Plans on the official website of Aksaray, Kahramanmaras and Mersin Provincial Directorates for National Education. The data collection tool of the study was the scale developed by the researchers of this study. The collected data were analyzed in line with the sub-problems of this study. The school principals reported that tangible materials should always be used and computers should be frequently used in mathematics lessons. It was concluded that the school principals would always support the purchase of tangible materials and they would often provide support for the programs and equipment required for computer use.

No matter the subject or grade, giving students engineering design process challenges encourages creativity, communication, innovation, and collaboration. In Designing the Future, author Ann Kaiser outlines how to enhance -- not increase -- what you are already teaching by implementing the engineering design process. Throughout the book, you will find more than 25 easy-entry, low-risk activities and projects you can begin incorporating into existing classwork. Use the engineering design process for students to transform creative and critical-thinking classroom activities: * Explore the engineering design process (EDP) and unpack its stages: problem definition, research, brainstorming, prototyping, testing, and optimizing. * Understand how incorporating engineering for students creates a project-based learning environment that encourages essential 21st century skills, including creativity, innovation, and critical thinking. * Empower students to embrace the fundamentals of engineering design thinking, including: there is always more to learn, your solution will create problems, and there is no one right answer. * Learn how to develop and adapt engineering design process projects for various grade levels and disciplines. * Receive reflection tools that will empower you to revise and re-engineer activities and projects. * Incorporate elements of engineering and STEAM education lesson plans into your current classroom content. Contents: Introduction Part I Chapter 1: Building an Engineering Design Culture Chapter 2: Deconstructing the Engineering Design Process Chapter 3: Designing Projects Part II Chapter 4: Starting With Activities That Support Engineering Thinking and Skills Chapter 5: Introducing Projects for Elementary School Chapter 6: Introducing Projects for Middle and High School Part III Chapter 7: Reflecting On, Revising, and Optimizing Your Curriculum Epilogue Appendix A: Action Plan Summary Appendix B: Challenge Creation Appendix C: Engineering Notebook Forms References and Resources Index

An innovative, internationally developed system to help advance science learning and instruction for high school students This book tells the story of a $3.6 million research project funded by the National Science Foundation aimed at increasing scientific literacy and addressing global concerns of declining science engagement. Studying dozens of classrooms across the United States and Finland, this international team combines large-scale studies with intensive interviews from teachers and students to examine how to transform science education. Written for teachers, parents, policymakers, and researchers, this book offers solutions for matching science learning and instruction with newly recommended twenty-first-century standards.

If you've ever wished for advice you can trust on how to make science and math more relevant to your middle or high school students, Creating Engineering Design Challenges is the book for you. At its core are 13 units grounded in challenge-based learning and the engineering design process. You can be sure the units are classroom-ready because they were contributed by teachers who developed, used, and revised them during the Cincinnati Engineering Enhanced Math and Science (CEEMS) program, a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Detailed and practical, the book is divided into three sections: 1. The rationale for making engineering an effective part of math and science instruction. 2. Thirteen engineering-related units, including the teacher-contributors' detailed accounts, lesson plans, and handouts. Content areas include biology, chemistry, physical science, Earth science, and environmental science. Topics range from developing a recipe for cement to implementing geocaching to calculating accurate aim with slingshots and water balloons. 3. Guidance on how to develop, support, and grow your engineering practice. This section offers useful templates and frameworks for you as well as professional development guidance for your school. The contributors' goal is to help you benefit from their hard-won experience. They write, \"During our time with the CEEMS project, we learned a great deal from our mistakes and our successes, and we felt it would be important to share what we learned with the hope that you can build on your own success.\" Working from their advice, you can develop a more student-centered classroom culture and nurture learners who are engaged in real-life engineering challenges.

This book will inspire, challenge and engage you—and transform your teaching and learning. Each chapter in this book is written by a different educator or team about their experiences with project-based learning, both in and out of the classroom. They reflect not only on the how of project-based learning, but more importantly, on the what and the why. They offer insight into how connecting with learners, honouring their experiences, and promoting deep and rich questioning can be the path to powerful projects and learning. Their writing and thinking is saturated with empathy, expertise, a desire to improve their practice, and an acknowledgment of the need to collaborate.

It's no secret that in today's complex world, students face unparalleled demands as they prepare for college, careers, and active citizenship. However, those demands won't be met without a fundamental shift from traditional, teacher-centered instruction toward innovative, student-centered teaching and learning. For schools ready to make such a shift, project-based learning (PBL) offers a proven framework to help students be better equipped to tackle future challenges. Project Based Teachers encourage active questioning, curiosity, and peer learning; create learning environments in which every student has a voice; and have a mastery of content but are also comfortable responding to students' questions by saying, \"I don't know. Let's find out together.\" In this book, Suzie Boss and John Larmer build on the framework for Gold Standard PBL originally presented in Setting the Standard for Project Based Learning and explore the seven practices integral to Project Based Teaching: * Build the Culture * Design and Plan * Align to Standards * Manage Activities * Assess Student Learning * Scaffold Student Learning * Engage and Coach For each practice, the authors present a wide range of practical strategies and include teachers' reflections about and suggestions from their classroom experiences. This book and a related series of free videos provide a detailed look at what's happening in PBL classrooms from the perspective of the Project Based Teacher. Let's find out together. A copublication of ASCD and Buck Institute for Education (BIE).