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"Ocean."
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Atlantic
Explore what the Atlantic Ocean is, how far it stretches, how the moon affects it, and other characteristics as described by the ocean itself.
Book
Correction: Lack of genetic differentiation in yellowfin tuna has conservation implications in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272713.].
Journal Article
Correction: Photosymbiont associations persisted in planktic foraminifera during early Eocene hyperthermals at Shatsky Rise (Pacific Ocean)
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267636.].[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267636.].
Journal Article
Southern Ocean
What's at the bottom of the Southern Ocean? Which rare animals are found in the Ross Sea? What do people use krill for?
Book
Twenty-first century ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and upper-ocean nutrient and primary production decline from CMIP6 model projections
Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead to ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all of which are expected to affect marine ecosystems. Here we assess projections of these drivers of environmental change over the twenty-first century from Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) that were forced under the CMIP6 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Projections are compared to those from the previous generation (CMIP5) forced under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). A total of 10 CMIP5 and 13 CMIP6 models are used in the two multi-model ensembles. Under the high-emission scenario SSP5-8.5, the multi-model global mean change (2080–2099 mean values relative to 1870–1899) ± the inter-model SD in sea surface temperature, surface pH, subsurface (100–600 m) oxygen concentration, euphotic (0–100 m) nitrate concentration, and depth-integrated primary production is +3.47±0.78 ∘C, -0.44±0.005, -13.27±5.28, -1.06±0.45 mmol m−3 and -2.99±9.11 %, respectively. Under the low-emission, high-mitigation scenario SSP1-2.6, the corresponding global changes are +1.42±0.32 ∘C, -0.16±0.002, -6.36±2.92, -0.52±0.23 mmol m−3, and -0.56±4.12 %. Projected exposure of the marine ecosystem to these drivers of ocean change depends largely on the extent of future emissions, consistent with previous studies. The ESMs in CMIP6 generally project greater warming, acidification, deoxygenation, and nitrate reductions but lesser primary production declines than those from CMIP5 under comparable radiative forcing. The increased projected ocean warming results from a general increase in the climate sensitivity of CMIP6 models relative to those of CMIP5. This enhanced warming increases upper-ocean stratification in CMIP6 projections, which contributes to greater reductions in upper-ocean nitrate and subsurface oxygen ventilation. The greater surface acidification in CMIP6 is primarily a consequence of the SSPs having higher associated atmospheric CO2 concentrations than their RCP analogues for the same radiative forcing. We find no consistent reduction in inter-model uncertainties, and even an increase in net primary production inter-model uncertainties in CMIP6, as compared to CMIP5.
Journal Article
Atlantic Ocean
Raise the anchor and set sail on a journey round the five oceans of the world. Read maps and interpret simple map keys to explore famous places, islands and busy ports. Learn about extreme weather and the valuable resources the oceans provide. Dive deep to explore th ocean floor and the remarkable plants and animals that thrive there.
Book
Imperial Connections
An innovative remapping of empire, Imperial Connections offers a broad-ranging view of the workings of the British Empire in the period when the India of the Raj stood at the center of a newly globalized system of trade, investment, and migration. Thomas R. Metcalf argues that India itself became a nexus of imperial power that made possible British conquest, control, and governance across a wide arc of territory stretching from Africa to eastern Asia. His book, offering a new perspective on how imperialism operates, emphasizes transcolonial interactions and webs of influence that advanced the interests of colonial India and Britain alike. Metcalf examines such topics as law codes and administrative forms as they were shaped by Indian precedents; the Indian Army's role in securing Malaya, Africa, and Mesopotamia for the empire; the employment of Indians, especially Sikhs, in colonial policing; and the transformation of East Africa into what was almost a province of India through the construction of the Uganda railway. He concludes with a look at the decline of this Indian Ocean system after 1920 and considers how far India's participation in it opened opportunities for Indians to be a colonizing as well as a colonized people.
eBook
Biogeochemical layering and transformation of particulate organic carbon in the Tropical Northwestern Pacific Ocean inferred from delta.sup.13C
Particulate organic carbon (POC) serves as the main carrier of the biological pump and determines its transmission efficiency, yet the transformation processes of POC remain incompletely understood. This study reports the vertical distribution of POC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), [delta].sup.13 C-POC, and [delta].sup.13 C-DIC in the tropical Northwestern Pacific Ocean (TNPO). The research identified three distinct biogeochemical layers governing POC transformation: the POC rapid synthesis-degradation layer (RSDL, 0-300 m), the net degradation layer (NDL, 300-1000 m), and the stable layer (SL, 1000-2000 m). From the top to the bottom of the RSDL, [delta].sup.13 C-POC values decreased by an average of 2.23 0/00, while the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios increased by an average of 2.3:1, indicating the selective degradation of POC. In the NDL, [delta].sup.13 C-POC and [delta].sup.13 C-DIC exhibited a significant negative correlation (r=0.43, p<0.05), indicating a net transformation of POC to DIC. In the SL, POC proved to be resistant to degradation, with POC exhibiting the highest C:N (15:1 on average) and the lowest [delta].sup.13 C-POC values (average -27.71 0/00).
Journal Article