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Les Plantes Oléifères
Une promenade botanique et ludique à la découverte des plantes oléifères (ou oléagineuses), ces plantes dont on extrait de l'huile à partir de leurs fruits ou de leurs graines :caractéristiques botaniques, modes de culture, maladies, parasites et prédateurs, utilisation, valeurs nutritionnelles.
eBook
Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries
Separation and purification processes play a critical role in biorefineries and their optimal selection, design and operation to maximise product yields and improve overall process efficiency. Separations and purifications are necessary for upstream processes as well as in maximising and improving product recovery in downstream processes. These processes account for a significant fraction of the total capital and operating costs and also are highly energy intensive. Consequently, a better understanding of separation and purification processes, current and possible alternative and novel advanced methods is essential for achieving the overall techno-economic feasibility and commercial success of sustainable biorefineries.
This book presents a comprehensive overview focused specifically on the present state, future challenges and opportunities for separation and purification methods and technologies in biorefineries.
Topics covered include:
Equilibrium Separations: Distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction.
Affinity-Based Separations: Adsorption, ion exchange, and simulated moving bed technologies.
Membrane Based Separations: Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration, nanofiltration, membrane pervaporation, and membrane distillation.
Solid-liquid Separations: Conventional filtration and solid-liquid extraction.
Hybrid/Integrated Reaction-Separation Systems: Membrane bioreactors, extractive fermentation, reactive distillation and reactive absorption.
For each of these processes, the fundamental principles and design aspects are presented, followed by a detailed discussion and specific examples of applications in biorefineries. Each chapter also considers the market needs, industrial challenges, future opportunities, and economic importance of the separation and purification methods. The book concludes with a series of detailed case studies including cellulosic bioethanol production, extraction of algae oil from microalgae, and production of biopolymers.
Separation and Purification Technologies in Biorefineries is an essential resource for scientists and engineers, as well as researchers and academics working in the broader conventional and emerging bio-based products industry, including biomaterials, biochemicals, biofuels and bioenergy.
eBook
Writers, readers, and erasers of N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) methylomes in oilseed rape: identification, molecular evolution, and expression profiling
Background
m6A RNA modifications are the most prevalent internal modifications in eukaryotic mRNAs and are crucial for plant growth and development, as well as for responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. The modification is catalyzed by writers, removed by erasers, and decoded by various m6A-binding proteins, which are readers.
Brassica napus
is a major oilseed crop. The dynamic regulation of m6A modifications by writers, erasers, and readers offers potential targets for improving the quality of this crop.
Results
In this study, we identified 92 m6A-regulatory genes in
B. napus
, including 13 writers, 29 erasers, and 50 readers. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that they could be further divided into four, three, and two clades, respectively. The distribution of protein motifs and gene structures among members of the same clade exhibited notable similarity. During the course of evolution, whole genome duplication (WGD) and segmental duplication were the primary drivers of the expansion of m6A-related gene families. The genes were subjected to rigorous purification selection. Additionally, several sites under positive selection were identified in the proteins. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) expression analyses revealed that the identified
Bnam6As
exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns, as well as their expression patterns in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The 2000 bp sequence upstream of
Bnam6As
contained a number of
cis
-acting elements that regulate plant growth and environmental response. Furthermore, the protein interaction network revealed their interactions with a number of proteins of significant functional importance.
Conclusion
The identification of m6A modifiers in oilseed rape and their molecular evolution and expression profiling have revealed potential functions and molecular mechanisms of m6A, thus establishing a foundation for further functional validation and molecular breeding.
Journal Article
Artificial selection on GmOLEO1 contributes to the increase in seed oil during soybean domestication
Increasing seed oil content is one of the most important breeding goals for soybean due to a high global demand for edible vegetable oil. However, genetic improvement of seed oil content has been difficult in soybean because of the complexity of oil metabolism. Determining the major variants and molecular mechanisms conferring oil accumulation is critical for substantial oil enhancement in soybean and other oilseed crops. In this study, we evaluated the seed oil contents of 219 diverse soybean accessions across six different environments and dissected the underlying mechanism using a high-resolution genome-wide association study (GWAS). An environmentally stable quantitative trait locus (QTL), GqOil20, significantly associated with oil content was identified, accounting for 23.70% of the total phenotypic variance of seed oil across multiple environments. Haplotype and expression analyses indicate that an oleosin protein-encoding gene (GmOLEO1), colocated with a leading single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from the GWAS, was significantly correlated with seed oil content. GmOLEO1 is predominantly expressed during seed maturation, and GmOLEO1 is localized to accumulated oil bodies (OBs) in maturing seeds. Overexpression of GmOLEO1 significantly enriched smaller OBs and increased seed oil content by 10.6% compared with those of control seeds. A time-course transcriptomics analysis between transgenic and control soybeans indicated that GmOLEO1 positively enhanced oil accumulation by affecting triacylglycerol metabolism. Our results also showed that strong artificial selection had occurred in the promoter region of GmOLEO1, which resulted in its high expression in cultivated soybean relative to wild soybean, leading to increased seed oil accumulation. The GmOLEO1 locus may serve as a direct target for both genetic engineering and selection for soybean oil improvement.
Journal Article
Assessing effective mechanical and chemical strategies for managing Eucosma giganteana
Eucosma giganteana (Riley) is a native specialist pest of silflower, Silphium integrifolium Michx., which is currently being domesticated as a perennial oilseeds crop.The larvae of this moth attack silflower capitula and root crowns, causing both seed damage and long-term degradation of plants. To determine methods to manage E. giganteana in silflower crop fields, we conducted a laboratory bioassay and 3 field experiments to assess the effects of a suite of organic, conventional, and mechanical treatments on E. giganteana mortality and colonization of flower heads. Pyrethroids (permethrin, cyfluthrin), chlorantraniliprole, and methoxyfenozide each had significant insecticidal effects on E. giganteana in at least 2 of the experiments conducted. Nematodes marginally increased larva mortality in the laboratory bioassay and could be further investigated as a soil-applied biological control. In 2 separate field experiments, trimming the top 15% of silflower plants to delay flowering did not alone reduce E. giganteana colonization of flower heads throughout the growing season. However, when trimming was paired with a single chlorantraniliprole application, colonization of capitula was reduced by 83% over untreated control plants. Collectively, these experiments provide evidence for several treatments that could be further tested and incorporated into an integrated pest management strategy for E. giganteana.
Journal Article
Advanced oil crop biorefineries / edited by Abbas Kazmi
Annotation: In Europe the main oil-rich crops are sunflower, rapeseed and olive which are grown primarily for food. This book discusses how to convert this whole crop into energy, food and bioproducts.
eBook
Biogas slurry increases the reproductive growth of oilseed rape by decreasing root exudation rates at bolting and flowering stages
PurposeBiogas slurry is increasingly used as crop fertilizer. Previous researches focused on the relationships between aboveground and root growth under biogas slurry application, with little attention to root exudates. The aims of this study were to investigate the influences of biogas slurry application on the quantity and composition of root exudates and their correlations with plant growth.MethodsFour application levels of biogas slurry were performed according to total N of 0, 120, 240, and 480 kg ha−1 (N0, N120, N240, and N480). The labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sugar and organic acids in root exudates were quantified at four growth stages (seedling, bolting, flowering, and ripening) of oilseed rape.ResultsBiogas slurry at N480 significantly increased plant height, branch height, branch number, pod number, pod length, and yield, but it had little influence on root morphology. Biogas slurry significantly decreased root C and N exudation at bolting. Organic acid exudation at bolting and flowering stages in N480 decreased by 44% and 81% compared to control, respectively. C, N exudation at bolting, organic acids at bolting and flowering stages were negatively linearly correlated with the application rate of biogas slurry. C, N, and organic acid exudation at bolting and flowering showed negatively correlations with inflorescence length, pod number and length.ConclusionBiogas slurry reduced root exudation rates and retained more C and N to improve reproductive growth, promoting the increase in yield. The results improve our understanding of the role of root exudates in plant development.
Journal Article
Transcriptome analysis reveals crucial genes involved in the biosynthesis of nervonic acid in woody Malania oleifera oilseeds
Background
Malania oleifera
Chun et Lee (Olacaceae), an evergreen broad-leaved woody tree native to southwest China, is an important oilseed tree. Its seed oil has a high level of nervonic acid (cis-tetracos-15-enoic acid, over 60%), which is essential for human health.
M. oleifera
seed oil is a promising source of nervonic acid, but little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying its biosynthesis.
Results
In this study, we recorded oil accumulation at four stages of seed development. Using a high-throughput RNA-sequencing technique, we obtained 55,843 unigenes, of which 29,176 unigenes were functionally annotated. By comparison, 22,833 unigenes had a two-fold or greater expression at the fast oil accumulation stage than at the initial stage. Of these, 198 unigenes were identified as being functionally involved in diverse lipid metabolism processes (including de novo fatty acid synthesis, carbon chain elongation and modification, and triacylglycerol assembly). Key genes (encoding KCS, KCR, HCD and ECR), putatively responsible for nervonic acid biosynthesis, were isolated and their expression profiles during seed development were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Also, we isolated regulatory factors (such as WRI1, ABI3 and FUS3) that are putatively involved in the regulation of oil biosynthesis and seed development.
Conclusion
Our results provide novel data on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of nervonic acid biosynthesis and oil accumulation in
M. oleifera
seeds, and will also serve as a starting point for biotechnological genetic engineering for the production of nervonic acid resources.
Journal Article