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Essentials of pension economics
This volume provides a concise overview of pension systems which, whether paid by governments or by private companies, are the sole source of income for millions of people around the world. By 2050, two billion elderly people will have to be ensured some form of income while, at the same time, the prospect facing younger generations is of a gloomy future. This book breaks down the jargon, investigates different designs and analyses these designs' effects on financial sustainability, their adequacy when it comes to level and replacement rates, and their effects on intra- and inter-generational distribution. The author provides also an overview of the historical, demographic and political issues connected with the pension debate.
Book
Old-age income support in the 21st century : an international perspective on pension systems and reform
The past decade has brought an increasing recognition to the importance of pension systems to the economic stability of nations and the security of their aging populations. During this time, the World Bank has taken a leading role in addressing this challenge through its support for pension reforms around the world. Old-Age Income Support in the 21st Century attempts to explain current policy thinking and update the World Bank’s perspective on pension reform. The Bank has been involved in pension reforms in nearly 60 countries, and the demand for its support continues to grow. This book incorporates lessons learned from recent Bank experiences and research that have significantly increased knowledge and insight regarding how best to proceed in the future. The book has a comprehensive introduction and two main parts. Part I presents the conceptual underpinnings for the Bank’s thinking on pension systems and reforms, including structure of Bank lending in this area. Part II highlights key design and implementation issues where it signals areas of confidence and areas for further research and experience, and includes a section on regional reform experiences, including Latin American and Europe and Central Asia. This book will be of interest to Bank clients, the international community, and anyone interested in pension systems and reform.
eBook
The truth about grandparents
A child relates strange things that might be heard about grandparents, but concludes that they are amazing.
Book
Government Old-Age Support and Labor Supply
Many government programs transfer resources to older people and implicitly or explicitly tax their labor. We shed new light on the labor supply and welfare effects of such programs by investigating the Old Age Assistance Program (OAA). Exploiting the large differences in OAA programs across states and Census data on the entire US population in 1940, we find that OAA reduced the labor force participation rate among men aged 65–74 by 8.5 percentage points, more than one-half of its 1930–1940 decline, but that OAA’s implicit taxation of earnings imposed only small welfare costs on recipients.
Journal Article
Improving continence management for people with dementia in the community in Aotearoa, New Zealand : protocol for a mixed methods study
Identifies the prevalence and incidence of incontinence for people living with dementia (PLWD) in the community in Aotearoa New Zealand. Examines continence management for PLWD in the community through a review of clinical policies and guidance from publicly funded continence services, and qualitative focus group interviews with health professionals. Explores experiences, strategies, impact and consequences of promoting continence and managing incontinence for PLWD in the community through secondary data analysis of an existing carers’ study, and collecting new cross-sectional and longitudinal qualitative data from Māori and non-Māori PLWD and their caregivers. Produces clinical guidelines, a core outcome set, and caregiver resources. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Journal Article
Mediation analysis of depressive symptoms in the relationship between pulmonary function
Data were drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), including 2,320 participants aged 60 years and older. Pulmonary function was measured using peak expiratory flow (PEF). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10). Cognitive function was evaluated through tests of episodic memory and mental intactness. Mediation analysis was conducted using Baron and Kenny's framework, and bootstrap analysis with 1,000 resamples was performed to assess direct and indirect effects. Sensitivity analyses ensured result robustness. Spearman correlation analysis showed that PEF was positively correlated with cognitive function (r = 0.20, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.15, P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that baseline PEF was positively associated with subsequent cognitive function ([beta] = 0.131, P < 0.001) and negatively associated with depressive symptoms ([beta] = -0.064, P < 0.001). The mediation effect of depressive symptoms accounted for 9.1% of the total effect regarding baseline pulmonary function on cognitive function. Depressive symptoms partially mediate the relationship between pulmonary function and cognitive function in older adults. These findings emphasize the need for mental health interventions to mitigate cognitive decline linked to reduced pulmonary function.
Journal Article
Medicaid Insurance in Old Age
The old age provisions of the Medicaid program were designed to insure retirees against medical expenses. We estimate a structural model of savings and medical spending and use it to compute the distribution of lifetime Medicaid transfers and Medicaid valuations across currently single retirees. Compensating variation calculations indicate that current retirees value Medicaid insurance at more than its actuarial cost, but that most would value an expansion of the current Medicaid program at less than its cost. These findings suggest that for current single retirees, the Medicaid program may be of the approximately right size.
Journal Article