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A phenomenological–hermeneutic study exploring caring responsibility for a chronically ill, older parent with frailty
Aim To provide lifeworld insights into experiences of adult children with caring responsibility for an 80+‐year‐old chronically ill parent with frailty. Background Informal care is common in Nordic welfare countries; however, little is known about adult children's experience of caring responsibility in this setting. Design A phenomenological–hermeneutic study based on Reflective Lifeworld Research. Methods Diaries and semi‐structured interviews with 12 adult children. Results Caring responsibility is identified as “a condition of life, filled with uncertainty.” Three constituents contribute to this phenomenon: (a) balancing love, duty and reciprocity; (b) being the parent's advocate and manager; and (c) experiencing concerns and bodily strain. Conclusion Adult children work hard to provide care and enhance the well‐being of their parent. Heidegger's concept ‘Fürsorge’ may help us understand how by showing how caring responsibility means balancing different roles vis‐à‐vis the parent, one's own life and the health and social systems. Caring responsibility changes the relationship between parent and child.
Journal Article
Family caregiving in aging populations
The aging of the US population will have major impacts on family life in the twenty-first century. Over three-quarters of all caregiving help to the elderly is given by family and friends. This book brings together research from gerontology, social work, and sociology to summarize what is known about family caregiving in our aging population, exploring the implications for public policy, families, and individual lives.
Book
Urban park’s impact on older migrant parents’ well-being in China: A case study of Shanghai
The emerging group of migrant older parents (“MOP”, which refers to older people who leave their homes for other cities where their adult children work or reside in) in china is increasing in population, and they are making irreplaceable contribution to families as well as to our society. However, little was known about their well-being and how urban park could promote their social engagement. Therefore, this article takes the People’s Park of Shanghai for a study case, trying to identify the relationship between MOP and urban park, and what their needs and related issues are. findings show that MOP in china could promote their social engagement by participating in a variety of cultural activities, and familial obligations might influence MOP’s use of park but could also provide opportunities of socialization, in particular, taking care of grandchildren. In addition, for MOP, the space of park plays a more important role in their outdoor lives than that of community. In short, urban park serves as an irreplaceable role in MOP’s social engagement. but, nonetheless, in the context of today’s china, the needs of older people, in particular, MOP, for sufficient and more age-friendly outdoor activity places are often ignored. Furthermore, MOP tend to be more concerned with living cost, thus, an age-friendly city list for them would also need to include low cost or even free outdoor activity places and public transport.
Journal Article
Changes to family structure, household composition and address among young New Zealanders: an update
In this article, we describe the life‐time family structures, living arrangements, and residential mobility of 612 15‐year‐old New Zealanders and consider the differences in experiences of children born to younger and older mothers. All participants had a parent who is a member of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Maternal age at the participant’s birth ranged from 16.3 to 41.0 years. Data on young people’s life‐time care arrangements, household composition and shifts were collected from their primary caregiver via a life history calendar. Fewer than half lived in a household consisting of two biological parents and only a fifth had lived in a household consisting of only nuclear family members for all 15 years. Most also experienced multiple changes of address (median 6, range 1–27). Those born to older parents tended to have fewer changes to care arrangements and family structures but most young people experienced a substantial degree of change across their lives. These data indicate that complexity and change are normal in young New Zealanders’ living arrangements. We argue that conventional ideas about family structure should be re‐examined.
Journal Article
Caring across generations : the linked lives of Korean American families
\"More than 1.3 million Korean Americans live in the United States, the majority of them foreign-born immigrants and their children, the so-called 1.5 and second generations. While many sons and daughters of Korean immigrants outwardly conform to the stereotyped image of the upwardly mobile, highly educated super-achiever, the realities and challenges that the children of Korean immigrants face in their adult lives as their immigrant parents grow older and confront health issues that are far more complex. In Caring Across Generations, Grace J. Yoo and Barbara W. Kim explore how earlier experiences helping immigrant parents navigate American society have prepared Korean American children for negotiating and redefining the traditional gender norms, close familial relationships, and cultural practices that their parents expect them to adhere to as they reach adulthood. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 137 second and 1.5 generation Korean Americans, Yoo & Kim explore issues such as their childhood experiences, their interpreted cultural traditions and values in regards to care and respect for the elderly, their attitudes and values regarding care for aging parents, their observations of parents facing retirement and life changes, and their experiences with providing care when parents face illness or the prospects of dying. A unique study at the intersection of immigration and aging, Caring Across Generations provides a new look at the linked lives of immigrants and their families, and the struggles and triumphs that they face over many generations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The dyad is not enough
The increasing prevalence of ageing stepfamilies and the potential of stepchildren to act as a source of support for older parents have increased the interest in long-term intergenerational step relationships. Applying a life-course perspective combined with Simmel's theorizing on social dynamics, this exploratory study aims to investigate the preconditions for cohesion in long-term intergenerational step relationships. The study is based on interviews with 13 older parents, aged 66–79, who have raised both biological children and stepchildren. Retrospective life-course interviews were used to capture the development of step relationships over time. Interviews were analysed following the principles of analytical induction. The results reveal four central third-party relationships that are important for cohesion in intergenerational step relationships over time, involving: (1) the intimate partner; (2) the non-residential parent; (3) the bridge child; and (4) the stepchild-in-law. The findings have led to the conclusion that if we are to understand the unique conditions for cohesion in long-term intergenerational step relationships, we cannot simply compare biological parent–child dyads with step dyads, because the step relationship is essentially a mediated relationship.
Journal Article
WHAT CAUSES OLDER PARENT-ADULT CHILD ESTRANGEMENT?: A QUALITATIVE INTERVIEW STUDY
Abstract
The life-course perspective's emphasis on \"linked lives\" highlights the importance of positive parent-child relationships for adults' well-being in mid-life and beyond. However, one in ten Americans experiences parent-child estrangement, defined as ending all contact and communication for a period of time. Despite the prevalence, the reasons underlying family estrangements are poorly understood. In this study, we conducted in-depth, qualitative interviews with 43 middle-aged and older adults (age range = 46-81, M = 65.05 years) who are or were estranged from an adult child (estrangement range = 1-26, mean = 6.53 years). On the basis of a jointly developed codebook, independent coding from the first and second author revealed 22 estrangement reasons across eight categories, with parents citing reasons from across four categories on average. Estrangement was most often attributed to the behavior, issues, or traits of the child (79%), problems surrounding a difficult in-law/ partner (72%), or disagreements about beliefs and values (67%). To a lesser degree, estrangements were linked to separation or divorce (49%), financial problems and conflicts (42%), adverse childhood experiences of the estranged child (30%), and interference from someone other than a partner (16%). More than half of the parents (58%) also endorsed other reasons, including their own traits and behaviors, communication issues, a family history of estrangement, and passive loss of contact. Older parent-adult child estrangements are perceived as multi-causal, with four out of five parents describing the estranged child as difficult or troubled. Implications of the findings for professionals working with older adults are discussed.
Journal Article
Providing More but Receiving Less: Daughters in Intergenerational Exchange in Mainland China
This study investigates the gender pattern of both downstream and upstream transfers between older parents and their children in China. Based on theories about the generation gap in the understandings of family norm and the heterogeneous effects of the social forces that encourage women to contribute more in elder care by generation, the author proposes a gender asymmetrical pattern in which the patrilineal norm governs parents' decisions of downstream transfers but exerts little effect on children's upstream support for parents. Capitalizing on a survey of the population older than 60 years, the author fitted several simultaneous equation models. Empirical results suggest that, all being equal, daughters provide more monetary and housework assistance to older parents than do sons, but daughters are comparatively disadvantaged in the probability of receiving either type of transfer from their parents. The pattern of “providing more but receiving less” for female caregivers affirms the gender asymmetrical pattern.
Journal Article