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Os jornalistas devem verificar as informações fornecidas por suas fontes. Contudo, alguns fatores como a precariedade no trabalho, o imediatismo e a credibilidade que eles dão, sobretudo às fontes institucionais, leva os jornalistas a não verificarem a informação. Vários códigos de conduta recomendam a obrigação de corrigir a informação assim que se descobre que um erro não-intencional foi cometido, mas os jornalistas não gostam de reconhecer seus próprios erros, nem de corrigi-los publicamente. Essas circunstâncias afetam a qualidade do discurso e também a credibilidade dos meios de comunicação. Ombudsmen preenchem parcialmente essa lacuna. Como resultado, fragmentos de notícias falsas, equivocadas, erradas ou enviesadas são publicadas por jornalistas, contrariando as regras de verdade e honestidade, sendo raramente retificadas por iniciativa própria. O artigo analisa a cobertura das armas de destruição em massa do Iraque, na qual, como em um jogo de imitação, o mesmo erro foi sendo repetido em diferentes meios e em diferentes países, apesar de alguns jornais prestigiosos publicarem um pouco usual pedido de desculpas.

Within every paediatric respiratory and general paediatric clinic there will be a number of children and families who are exposed to sub-standard environments within their homes. This may be impacting on their health and in particular, respiratory health. As clinicians it is important that we are aware of the risks to health, how to address it and act as advocates for patients. This review walks through from the health impacts to the way we can advocate and support patients and families.

This book was commissioned by the Department of Ethics, Equity, Trade and Human Rights as part of the work undertaken by the Priority Public Health Conditions Knowledge Network of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, in collaboration with 16 of the major public health programs of WHO: alcohol-related disorders, cardiovascular diseases, child health, diabetes, food safety, HIV/AIDS, maternal health, malaria, mental health, neglected tropical diseases, nutrition, oral health, sexual and reproductive health, tobacco and health, tuberculosis, and violence and injuries. In addition to this, through collaboration with the Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, 13 case studies were commissioned to examine the implementation challenges in addressing social determinants of health in low-and middle-income settings. The Priority Public Health Conditions Knowledge Network has analyzed the impact of social determinants on specific health conditions, identified possible entry-points, and explored possible interventions to improve health equity by addressing social determinants of health.

ObjectivesEating disorders are common with a peak onset occurring in adolescence. Concerningly, they have the highest mortality of any psychiatric illness from suicide or medical complications.Medical Emergencies in Eating Disorders (MEED) guidelines were developed following a high-profile report demonstrating failures to recognise deterioration.1 2 Presentations to the emergency department provide an opportunity for risk assessment and intervention.This study aimed to assess the completeness of risk assessments undertaken for adolescents attending the emergency department with complications related to suspected or known eating disorders.MethodsRetrospective cross-sectional study at a single emergency department (03/12/21 – 30/11/22).Adolescent patients (10.0–15.9 years) with a known or suspected eating disorder were included. The completeness of assessment for each risk factor was compared against the MEED guidance.1 Data were collected on demographics, attendance details, and individual risk factors.Relevant attendances were identified by screening by attendance reason (loss of appetite, weight loss, hypoglycaemia) and then manually reviewing these for relevant attendances. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record (Epic Hyperspace Production®) and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Data are reported as number (percentage), and median [inter-quartile range].Results17 emergency department attendances from ten patients were included. All patients were female, and the median age was 15.0 [11.5–15.0] years. An eating disorder was known in 12/17 (70.6%) and suspected in 5/17 (29.4%) of attendances. Most attendances were self-referrals (10/17 (58.8%)), 6/17 (35.3%) were referred from the community, and 1/17 (5.9%) attended via ambulance. The median duration of stay in the emergency department was 217.0 [151.5 – 278.5] minutes.A complete risk assessment was undertaken in 4/17 (23.5%) of attendances. All complete assessments had documented reference to guidance, and overall 7/17 (41.2%) of attendances had guidance referenced. Risk factors that were most frequently not (or incompletely) assessed were: self-harm and suicidal ideation (9/17 (52.9%) complete), purging behaviours (8/17 (47.1% complete), muscular function (4/17 (23.5% complete), and ECG abnormalities (8/17 (47.1%) complete), table 1. Over two-thirds (12/17, 70.6%) of patients were admitted, and those who were discharged all received documented discharge advice or follow-up appointment, either with Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) or their General Practitioner.ConclusionA complete risk assessment for adolescents attending the emergency department with an eating disorder was observed in less than a quarter of presentations. An increased awareness of MEED guidance may help to improve this.ReferencesRCPsych. Medical Emergencies in Eating Disorders: Guidance on Recognition and Management. RCPsych College Report [CR233]. 2022. Accessed online at https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/improving-care/campaigning-for-better-mental-health-policy/college-reports/2022-college-reports/cr233PHSO. Ignoring the alarms: How NHS eating disorder services are failing patients. Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman. 2017. Accessed online at https://www.ombudsman.org.uk/sites/default/files/page/FINAL%20FOR%20WEB%20Anorexia%20Report.pdfAbstract 75 Figure 1[Image Omitted. See PDF.]

The aim of this paper is to determine whether the legal discourse on payment rules is shifting from a state of fragmentation to one resting on a unified and autonomous legal footing, thus attempting to verify whether we are witnessing the emergence of a European retail payment law. By examining how the payments package would redefine the regulatory space of EU retail payment law governance, the paper reviews how current trends in the credit market (recognition of the social dimension of the credit market) and consumer law (the fragmentation of the concept of the consumer and the so-called vulnerability turn) affect the proposed new regulation. Unsurprisingly, the result of regulating the intersubjective relationships between users and payment services providers (PSP) is an expansion of the area that private law governs, both in terms of widening the area of PSP responsibility and demanding a degree of responsibilisation from the user. The enforcement side is also investigated, from the perspective of regulatory design and its consequences for the need for consistency of application and predictability of decisions.

It is sometimes easy to forget that decisions made by public authorities are made by humans, who tend to like clear rules and procedures: some set criteria to make the 'right' decision. Mysterious beings as we are, we are not void of temptation to do things the easier way or for ulterior motives. It can be instructive to look at real-life case studies to see how administrative decision-makers can be caught in the dilemma of applying perfect rules to imperfect situations and trying to fit imperfect laws or exceptions to others. No matter how considered a rule or procedure may be, there are always areas of grey that administrative decision-makers cannot avoid, and which necessitate judgement, common sense, and dignity.

National human rights institutions, defined as domestic but globally legitimated agencies charged with promoting and protecting human rights, have emerged worldwide. This article examines the effect of these organizations on two kinds of human rights outcomes: physical integrity rights and civil and political rights. We analyze cross-national longitudinal data using regression models that account for the endogeneity of organizational formation. Our first main finding is that all types of human rights institutions improve long-term physical integrity outcomes but not civil and political rights practices. This finding may reflect a greater worldwide focus on physical integrity violations such as torture, and also many countries' propensity to resist Western civil and political rights standards. A second main finding is that time matters: in the cases we observe, initial increases in rated abuse levels were followed by improvements. These initial increases may be due to closer scrutiny or the expanded scope of what constitutes human rights abuses. Our results call for rethinking the concept of decoupling in the sociology of human rights and other focal areas.

Administrative law comprises the rules, values, and processes by which government and regulatory decision-making is subject to administrative monitoring, review, and accountability. It impacts public health in two ways: through the design, powers, and processes of institutions that enforce administrative law; and through the substantive rules of administrative law. Yet despite its fundamental regulation of the way in which public health decisions are made, insufficient research has been conducted on administrative law as a determinant of public health. Administrative law and public health operate as siloed academic disciplines with very little cross-disciplinary collaboration, engagement, or understanding. This results in major, untapped research opportunities exploring how administrative law could contribute to an optimized model of planetary health in both higher income and lower-middle income countries. Put simply, a holistic, global view of the determinants of public health must take due account of the accountability rules and controls that regulate how public health, and other, decisions are made. This commentary is a call to action to better understand how administrative law mechanisms, such as judicial review, administrative tribunals, ombudsmen, information commissioners, public auditors, and human rights monitors, can be designed or redesigned to better promote sustainable public health outcomes.

To reach agreement, international negotiators often compromise by using flexible language: they make controversial provisions vague, or add options and caveats. Does flexibility in agreement language influence subsequent state behavior? If so, do states follow both firm and flexible language somewhat, as negotiators hope? Or do governments respond strategically, increasing their energies on firmly specified tasks, and reducing their efforts on flexibly specified ones? Testing theories about agreement language is difficult because states often reserve flexible language for controversial provisions. To make causal claims, we study an unusually drafted agreement in which states had almost no opportunity to dilute agreement language. We examine the influence of the 1991 Paris Principles on the Design of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), using an original data set of twenty-two institutional safeguards of NHRIs in 107 countries, and case studies. We find that variations in agreement language can have large effects on state behavior, even when the entire agreement is nonbinding. Both democracies and authoritarian states followed the principles' firm terms closely. However, authoritarian states either ignored or reduced their efforts on flexibly specified tasks. If flexibly specifying a task is no different from omitting it altogether, as our data suggest, the costs of compromise are much greater than previously believed.

The “temporary golden age” of international courts is likely over. States seeking to provide oversight mechanisms and individual remedies at the international level are likely to opt for less intrusive and more flexible alternatives to adjudication. This Article analyzes the phenomenon of international complaint mechanisms through a detailed case study of the Ombudsperson to the ISIL and Al-Qaida sanctions regime. The analysis reveals an in-built tension between principle and pragmatism: the Ombudsperson's institutional design falls short of the requirements that are essential for adjudication, but it nevertheless proves to be a surprisingly effective remedy for persons wrongfully listed. The Article makes the case for the establishment of such bodies, despite some of their inherent shortcomings.