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Crop residue burning negatively impacts both the environment and human health, whether in the aspect of air pollution, regional and global climate change, or transboundary air pollution. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the level of air pollutant emissions caused by the rice residue open burning activities in 2018, by analyzing the remote sensing information and country specific data. This research also aims to analyze the trend of particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10) concentration air quality sites in provinces with large paddy rice planting areas from 2010–2017. According to the results, 61.87 megaton (Mt) of rice residue were generated, comprising 21.35 Mt generated from the irrigated fields and 40.53 Mt generated from the rain-fed field. Only 23.0% of the total rice residue generated were subject to open burning—of which nearly 32% were actually burned in the fields. The emissions from such rice residue burning consisted of: 5.34 ± 2.33 megaton (Mt) of CO2, 44 ± 14 kiloton (kt) of CH4, 422 ± 179 kt of CO, 2 ± 2 kt of NOX, 2 ± 2 kt of SO2, 38 ± 22 kt of PM2.5, 43 ± 29 kt of PM10, 2 ± 1 kt of black carbon (BC), and 14 ± 5 kt of organic carbon (OC). According to the air quality trends, the results shows the higher level of PM10 concentration was due to the agricultural burning activities, as reflected in the higher monthly averages of the months with the agricultural burning, by around 1.9–2.1 times. The result also shows the effect of government’s policy for farmers on the crop burning activities and air quality trends.

Crop straw open burning is considered as an important source of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants emissions, which affects global climate change and regional air quality. However, due to the limitation of data availability, the current emission estimation of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from crop straw open burning remains uncertain based on the bottom-up method. Therefore, we re-estimate the greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from crop straw open burning at the county level based on a national questionnaire and the up-to-data emission factors. Results showed that emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NMVOC, NH 3 , NOx, SO 2 , CO, BC, and OC from open straw burning are 69250.8 Gg, 242.9 Gg, 4.2 Gg, 771.0 Gg, 539.7 Gg, 498.2 Gg, 34.7 Gg, 200.4 Gg, 24.8 Gg, 3426.5 Gg, 63.0 Gg, and 278.5 Gg, respectively, which were lower than those of previous studies. Maize was the largest contribution, followed by wheat, rice. Hotspots for greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from straw burning are mainly distributed in the 54 counties of northeast China, accounting for 20% of total emissions on average. However, the high emission of maize, wheat, and rice are mainly located at the counties of north China, northeast China, and middle-lower Yangtze River region, respectively. This study not only provides the targeted counties that need decrease further the straw open burning, but also improves the precision of emission estimation that benefits air quality modeling.

Open burning is a waste management practice performed by many people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Lack of detailed data of open burning practices may lead to a misinterpretation during data analysis, especially when estimating global/local emissions and assessing risks. This study presents a comprehensive review of current research trends, methodological assessments, and factors behind open waste burning practices from published literature. This review used systematic methods such as PRISMA 2020 methodology, a bibliometric approach, and qualitative content analysis to determine and assess 84 articles related to open burning. The results show that environmental risks and emission factors related to open burning incidents at the landfill or residential level are preferable topics that will be rising in the years to come. Coupling methods such as a transect-based approach with a questionnaire survey and mobile-static plume sampling to determine the activities and incidents as baseline data for risk assessment will help researchers gain a robust dataset of open burning emission inventory. In addition, it was found that environmental knowledge and awareness levels influence open burning practices, thereby opening up opportunities for future research.

Deliberate open burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This study investigates the environmental impacts (global warming potential, GWP) and economic impacts (net cash flow) of nine agricultural residue management schemes, including open burning, fertilizer production, and biochar production for corn residue, rice straw, and sugarcane leaves. The environmental assessment shows that, except the open burning schemes, fossil fuel consumption is the main contributor of the GWP impact. The fertilizer and biochar schemes reduce the GWP impact including black carbon by 1.88–1.96 and 2.46–3.22 times compared to open burning. The biochar schemes have the lowest GWP (− 1833.19 to − 1473.21 kg CO 2 -eq/ton). The economic assessment outcomes reveal that the biochar schemes have the highest net cash flow (222.72—889.31 US$ 2022 /ton or 1258.15–13409.16 US$ 2022 /ha). The expenditures of open burning are practically zero, while the biochar schemes are the most costly to operate. The most preferable agricultural residue management type is the biochar production, given the lowest GWP impact and the highest net cash flow. To discourage open burning, the government should tailor the government assistance programs to the needs of the farmers and make the financial assistance more accessible.

Open biomass burning (OBB) has a significant impact on the heavy haze pollution in Northeast China (NEC) in recent years, which requires the investigation of the spatiotemporal variations of OBB with different vegetation types to better monitor and control OBB in NEC. The MODIS C6 fire and land cover products, together with the emissions inventory from the Global Fire Assimilation System, were used in this study. The changes in the total number of MODIS fire points in NEC from 2003 to 2017 demonstrated a fluctuating but generally rising trend, with a peak during 2013-2017. Most fire points concentrated in two key periods, i.e. March-April (37%) and October-November (46%). The total number of crop residue burnings in March-April was basically slightly fluctuating and increased sharply from 2013, whilst the number in October-November had a fluctuating and upward trend until 2015, when a decline appeared. The amount of OBB in March-April was higher than that in October-November during 2016-17. OBB in Heilongjiang Province comprised a major proportion of all fires, which accounted for 70.7% from 2003 to 2017; however, the proportion was only 66.2% during 2013-2017. The largest proportion of all fires was in cropland (90.8%), then forest (5.3%) and grassland (3.1%). The cumulative emissions of fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia from agricultural open burning in NEC reached 78.43 Gg, 24.9 Gg, and 13.7 Gg for March-April during 2013-17, respectively, which were close to those in October-November. Graphical abstract

Rice straw open burning (RSOB) after harvest is one of the considerable emission sources in agricultural activities and contributed to air pollution in Vietnam. Determination of country/city-specific emission factors for air pollutants from open burning is important for the better estimation of air pollutant emission. In this research, hood experiments and field experiments were conducted simulating the common small pile burning type used by farmers in the North of Vietnam to determine emission factors (EFs) for gaseous pollutants, particulate matter (PM), and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The carbon_mass balance and emission ratio method were used to calculate EFs for the field experiments. The PM2.5 emission factor obtained for open field burning (34.0 ± 17.6 g kg−1 RS), the EFs for SO2 (1.4 ± 1.1 g kg−1 RS for field experiments and 1.82 ± 1.77 g kg−1 RS for hood experiments) in this study was higher in comparison with the values reported in Thailand and China. Laboratory experiments showed positive correlation between RS carbon content and EF of CO2. The higher proportion and the contribution of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to the total 10 detected PAHs bound to PM2.5 in RS burning smoke was the first observation in this study. Based on the EFs developed in this study, we estimated that RSOB released the amount of 369.6 Gg for CO2, 13.7 Gg for CO, 0.67 Gg for SO2, 0.35 Gg for NO2, 10.8 Gg for PM2.5, and 32 Mg for total 10 particle-bound PAHs to the atmosphere in Hanoi. These results are useful for integrated air-quality management in local as well as national scale.

Crop residue open burning has significant adverse effects on regional air quality, climate change, and human health. Emissions from crop residue open burning estimated by satellites are underestimated in central China due to long-term cloud cover and the limitation of spatial-temporal resolution of satellites. In this study, we used a statistical-based method to investigate the crop residue open burning emissions in central China from 2012 to 2020. The open burning proportion (OBP) of residue, updated annually by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) 375 m active fire product (VNP14IMG), and the latest observed emission factors (EFS) were used to improve the accuracy of the estimated emissions. Annual emissions of pollutants were allocated into 0.1° × 0.1° spatial grid cells using fire counts and land cover data. The results showed that the total emissions of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), fine particles (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM10), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4) and non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) were 34.84, 149.72, 41.06, 90.11, 2640.97, 78,094.91, 485.17, 481.05, 35.21, 246.38 and 499.59 Gg, respectively. The largest contributor of crop residue open burning was rice, followed by wheat, rapeseed and corn, with the contribution rates of 35.34–64.07%, 15.78–34.71%, 9.12–25.56%, and 5.69–14.06%, respectively. The pollutants emissions exhibit large annual variation, with the highest emissions in 2013 and a remarkable decrease from 2013 to 2015 under strict control measures. Since 2015, the emissions remained at a low level, which shows that air quality control policies play a role in recent years. The result indicates that using OBP updated by satellite active fire product in a statistical-based method can help to get more accurate and reliable multi-year emissions.

This study presents a GIS-based method integrating hourly transport pathways and wind-field grid reconstruction, straw open burning (SOB) source identification, and a two-stage spatiotemporal multi-box modeling approach to quantify the contribution of external sources of SOB to elevated urban PM2.5 concentrations during a specific pollution episode (PE) at a high temporal resolution of 1 h. Taking Jilin Province as an empirical study, the contribution of SOB in province-wide farmlands to urban haze episodes in Changchun during the SOB season of 2020–2021 was evaluated quantitatively using a combination of multi-source datasets. The results showed that Changchun experienced three severe PEs and one heavy PE during the study period, and the total PM2.5 contributions from SOB sources were 352 μg m−3, 872 μg m−3, and 1224 μg m−3 during the three severe PEs, respectively; these accounted for 7%, 27%, and 23% of the urban cumulative PM2.5 levels, which were more obvious than the contribution during the PE. The total PM2.5 contribution from SOB sources (4.9 μg m−3) was only 0.31% of the urban cumulative PM2.5 level during the heavy PE. According to the analysis of the impact of individual factors, some policy suggestions are put forward for refined SOB management, including control spatial scope, burning time interval, as well as burning area limit under different urban and transport pathways’ meteorological conditions and different transport distances.

Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that biomass open-burning (BOB) related air pollution has been associated with adverse health effect, but limited evidence is found in Thailand. We investigated the effects of BOB occurrence on outpatient department (OPD) visits for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Thailand and further explored the effects of longer exposure duration and higher exposure intensity to BOB. Fire hotspot data were acquired from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite during January 2016 through December 2020 across Thailand, and OPD visits data were obtained from the National Health Security Office during the same period. A time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression was used to examine province-specific estimates of BOB-related air pollution on OPD visits, controlling for many possible confounders, and random-effect meta-analysis was then applied to derive the national estimate. Odds ratio (ORs) of cardiovascular and respiratory OPD visits on the day of BOB occurrence was 1.0105 (95% CI: 0.9971, 1.0240) at lag 5 days and 1.0131 (95% CI: 1.0050, 1.0213) at current day, respectively. ORs of cardiovascular and respiratory OPD visits associated with longer exposure duration to BOB was 1.0272 (95% CI: 1.0104, 1.0442) and 1.0275 (95% CI: 1.0139, 1.0413), respectively. Higher exposure intensity to BOB was not significantly associated with OPD visits for both cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Findings from this study can be used to establish the warning systems associated with exposure to BOB-related air pollution to reduce adverse health effects in Thailand.

This study investigates the environmental and economic impacts of agricultural residue burning in Thailand, focusing on rice, maize, and sugarcane, which collectively occupy 96.8 million Rai annually and generate 114 million tons of residues. Open burning is a cost-effective but environmentally detrimental practice that contributes significantly to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research aims to quantify the burned areas, estimate GHG emissions, and assess the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and MODIS satellite imagery combined with bottom-up approach emissions calculations. In addition, the cost of Carbon emissions was estimated using the average carbon credit price in Asia as a representative benchmark. The findings reveal annual GHG emissions of approximately 800,000 tCO ₂ e, primarily from rice (362,231 tons), maize (160,875 tons), and sugarcane (277,314 tons). The SCC is estimated at 146 million Baht, disproportionately affecting the Northern and Central Regions, which exhibit the highest prevalence of burning for rice sugarcane and maize, respectively. This spatial analysis highlights key hot-spots and provides critical insights to inform targeted policy interventions. Its findings emphasize the need for regionally tailored policies to mitigate the environmental and economic costs of open burning. Sustainable alternatives, such as composting are recommended, supported by targeted education, financial incentives, and policy measures. These strategies could substantially reduce emissions, improve air quality, and align Thailand’s agricultural sector with its climate and sustainability goals.