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The research aims to study the optimal allocation of irrigation water that is used to irrigate various agricultural crops at the level of Iraq. In order to achieve the goal of the research, two economic models were formulated according to the linear programming technique. The first model aimed to minimize the water needs of the prevailing crop combination during the average period (2017-2020), while the second model aimed to maximize the total profit margin of the water unit for the crop combination that minimizes the water needs during the same period. The first model was estimated with two proposed plans. The first proposed plan included non-imposing legislative restrictions related to the allocation of certain areas for basic agricultural crops that bias the food security requirements of the population, as well as crops that were recently banned from import by the Iraqi government, while the proposed second plan included the imposition and addition of restrictions of legislative areas that did not appear in the table of the optimal solution for the first plan. Results indicated that there is a surplus of water resource for the proposed economic plans according to the two estimated models, its quantity amounted to about 363.361, 9.178 million m3 for each plan, respectively, compared to the total amount of irrigation water needed for the current cropping combination, which was estimated at about 4.736726 billion m3 during the average mentioned period. Results of the analysis of the two estimated models also showed a preference for the results of plans with legislative restrictions as a result of the expansion in the cultivation of most basic and important crops and vegetables for local consumption.

  The  objectives of the research are to determine the optimal allocation of resources available to the general company for food products using a linear programming(LP) technique to obtain high levels of production and high levels of profits by maximizing the value of the objective function and increasing the profitability of the company, and conducting a sensitivity analysis to see the extent of changes in the optimum commodity composition in terms of quality and quantity with the level of profits in a manner commensurate with the requirements of growth in the company , the study based on the  use of (LP)technique to determine the optimum production plan with the highest net income  for the products under study for vegetable oil factories as well as using sensitivity analysis  by using  the statistical program (Win QSB) .The research showed a number of results, perhaps the most important: proof of the hypothesis of achieving high levels of production and profits as well as the optimal allocation of available resources, as the quantity  of production increased from 472 tons in the actual production plan to 974 tons in the derived plan , achieving a jump estimated at 106. 4%, and the results of the optimal solution using the (LP)technique showed that the value of net income at current prices has reached 348739500 dinars, an increase of 184.6% over the net income actually achieved at current prices of 122528565 dinars for the year 2018. The research had reached a number  of conclusions, perhaps the most important is the  matching of the research results to the research hypothesis as well as  the optimal solution using the LP technique  had showed  the difference in the  optimum commodity composition and  its quantities from the actual commodity composition of the products , the research provides a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the application of a linear programming technique to know the extent of investing available resources in a way efficiency, which helps to increase production in order to achieve economic efficiency and the need to generalize it to production units with similar conditions in order to determine the optimal use of the various production resources.   

We consider the risk sharing problem for capital requirements induced by capital adequacy tests and security markets. The agents involved in the sharing procedure may be heterogeneous in that they apply varying capital adequacy tests and have access to different security markets. We discuss conditions under which there exists a representative agent. Thereafter, we study two frameworks of capital adequacy more closely, namely polyhedral constraints and distribution-based constraints. We prove existence of optimal risk allocations and equilibria within these frameworks and elaborate on their robustness.

The relationship between public expenditure and economic growth is one of the central topics in economics literature, and an extensive body of knowledge has accumulated around it. The current consensus is that infrastructure, education and health are the types of public services that are likely to contribute to economic growth. Still, the question of how public resources should be allocated among them remains unanswered. This paper, benefiting from an endogenous growth model that is useful in the identification of the optimal allocation of public resources, analyses the growth effect of the composition of public investment in Turkey using a dataset for the years between 1975 and 2001. Results indicate that, between these years, the government overinvested in transportation and communication services and underinvested in energy infrastructure, education, health, and city infrastructure and security services. There is further evidence that public policy led to an underinvestment in energy infrastructure in these years. The scope of the analysis is confined by the limitations of the economic model. Additionally, the robustness of the results depends on the assumption that public policy is exogenous in the model.

• Decades of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the northeastern USA have enhanced this globally important forest carbon (C) sink by relieving N limitation. While many N fertilization experiments found increased forest C storage, the mechanisms driving this response at the ecosystem scale remain uncertain. • Following the optimal allocation theory, augmented N availability may reduce belowground C investment by trees to roots and soil symbionts. To test this prediction and its implications on soil biogeochemistry, we constructed C and N budgets for a long-term, whole-watershed N fertilization study at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, USA. • Nitrogen fertilization increased C storage by shifting C partitioning away from belowground components and towards aboveground woody biomass production. Fertilization also reduced the C cost of N acquisition, allowing for greater C sequestration in vegetation. Despite equal fine litter inputs, the C and N stocks and C : N ratio of the upper mineral soil were greater in the fertilized watershed, likely due to reduced decomposition of plant litter. • By combining aboveground and belowground data at the watershed scale, this study demonstrates how plant C allocation responses to N additions may result in greater C storage in both vegetation and soil.

Summary The plant–soil feedback (PSF) framework has become an important theory in plant ecology, yet many ecological and evolutionary factors that influence PSFs have yet to be fully considered. Here, we discuss the importance of local adaptation among plants and root‐associated fungi and bacteria. Furthermore, we show how inclusion of the optimal resource allocation (OA) model can help predict the direction and outcome of PSFs under environmental change. Plants and associated soil microbes have co‐evolved for millennia, generating adaptations to each other and to their local environment. This local co‐adaptation is likely generated by a suite of multidirectional exchanges of goods and services among plants, fungi and bacteria, and the constant changes in above‐ground–below‐ground interactions. Resource limitation may be a driver of local adaptation among organisms involved in nutritional symbioses. The OA model states that when an essential resource is limited, natural selection will favour taxa that forage optimally by adjusting their biomass and energy allocation such that productivity is equally limited by all resources. Co‐adaptation will therefore respond to the local limiting resource conditions through taxa‐specific resource transfer interactions. The OA model can help predict the outcomes of PSFs across a range of resource gradients and environmental changes such as increasing drought or atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Positive feedback is predicted in systems where resource exchange among plants and associated soil microbes can ameliorate resource limitation, or in systems where microbes provide another important service such as pathogen defence. Feedback strength is expected to diminish as resources become less limiting. Negative feedback is predicted when resources are in luxury supply and populations of opportunistic plant pathogens increase relative to commensal or mutualist microbes. Future, field‐based studies that integrate naturally co‐occurring systems of plants, microbes and their local soil are needed to further test the hypothesis that resource availability is an effective predictor of the direction and magnitude of PSFs. A more mechanistic understanding of PSFs will help land managers and farmers to manipulate plant–microbial soil interactions to respond to environmental change and to effectively harness beneficial symbioses for plant nutrition and pathogen control. Lay Summary

The principal motivation of the marine predators algorithm (MPA) is the common foraging technique, including Lévy and Brownian motions in ocean predators coupled with optimal contact intensity policy in predator–prey biological interaction. This paper proposes an improved marine predators algorithm (IMPA), which is an extension of the original MPA. The suggested improvements lead to rapid convergence and avoid local minima stagnation for the original MPA. IMPA controls the active and reactive power injected into distribution systems to minimize the total system losses and the total voltage deviations and maximize the voltage stability and improve the distribution system's overall performance. On the one hand, the proposed IMPA determines the optimal location and active power (location and size, respectively) of distributed generation (DG). On the other hand, the IMPA controls reactive power by optimally placing and sizing the shunt capacitors (SCs) and determining the PF of DGs. Two standard test systems, 69-bus and 118-bus distribution networks, are considered to prove the proposed algorithm’s efficiency and scalability. Results of the proposed IMPA are compared with those obtained by MPA, AEO, and PSO algorithms. The findings of the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IMPA can effectively find the optimal problem solutions and beats the other algorithms. Moreover, the framework of multi-objective IMPA outperforms based on MPA in terms of the performance measures of diversity, spacing, coverage, and hypervolume.

The literature on the infinite-arms bandit problem includes a regret lower bound of all allocation strategies for Bernoulli rewards with a uniform prior, and strategies based on success runs. Furthermore, a two-target algorithm has been proposed that achieves the regret lower bound, and optimality has been extended to Bernoulli rewards with general priors. We present a confidence-bound target (CBT) algorithm that achieves optimality for rewards that are bounded above. For each arm, we construct a confidence bound and compare it against those of other arms and a target value to determine whether the arm should be sampled further. The target value depends on the assumed priors of the arm means. In the absence of information on the prior, the target value is determined empirically. Numerical studies show that the CBT algorithm is versatile and outperforms its competitors.

From the perspective of the policy impact effect, this paper takes green enterprises as the treatment group and polluters as the control group. Firstly, the double difference method (DID) was adopted to study the effect of green credit policy on enterprises from two aspects, namely the amount of loans obtained by enterprises and the financing cost. The study found that in terms of loan volume, the launch of “Green Credit Guidelines” enabled green enterprises to obtain more credit resources than polluters. In terms of financing cost, green credit policy means green enterprises obtain lower financing cost than polluters. The triple difference method is further used to test the impact of green Credit Guidelines on the access to credit resources and financing costs of enterprises. The results show that for enterprises with different property rights, the effect of green credit policy on non-state-owned enterprises is more significant than that of state-owned enterprises. For enterprises in different regions, the policy effect of green credit policy on enterprises in regions with relatively backward economic development levels is more significant than that of enterprises in regions with relatively developed economic development level. From the empirical results, the policy basically realized the original intention of directing credit resources to green enterprises and realized the Pareto improvement of financial resource allocation.

The professional knowledge structure system of interior design pays attention to the continuous improvement of the comprehensive quality of interior designers. Interior designers should not only master the traditional design skills, but also master the most advanced and cutting-edge new technologies, so as to apply them to the practical projects of interior design. Virtual reality technology based on building digitization is being applied in various types of high-end indoor and outdoor construction projects, which builds a real bridge between designers and users and greatly enriches the interior space art. Research on the application of virtual reality technology in the field of interior design will guide the development of interior design industry better, more scientifically and systematically.