Explore the vast range of titles available.

Background Chronic neurologic disorders (CND) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders including disorders of motor and posture which mainly affect the body’s nervous system and have lasted for or are virtually certain to last for one year and produce at least one type of consequence namely functional limitation, reliance on compensatory assistance for functioning, or increased service. Objective The study identified the prevalence of dental diseases (dental caries, poor oral hygiene, traumatic dental injury) among children with CND. It also assessed the relationship between socio-demographic profile (age, sex, socio economic status) and presence of dental diseases in children with CND. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 80 children attending neurology clinic of UNTH, Enugu and 72 children used as control attending a primary school in the study area. Data on sociodemographic profile, past dental visit, oral hygiene status, presence of dental caries, tooth fracture, and neurological condition were collected. Oral hygiene status was assessed using Oral Hygiene Index by Greene and Vermilion, presence of caries was assessed using World Health Organization criteria and presence of tooth fracture was assessed using Garcia Godoy classification. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Association between the age, sex, SES, and oral hygiene, dental caries, traumatic dental injuries and Chronic neurological disease was conducted using Chi square test. P  < 0.05 was considered significant. Result The age range was 15 years and below and the mean age was 6.31 ± 4.05years. Many 39(48.8%) of the participants were 5 years and under, and a few 2(2.5%) were from a high socioeconomic class. For children with non chronic neurological disorder, there were more 39(54.2%) females than males 33(45.8%). Many children were aged 6–10 years and many 50(69.4%) were in the middle socio economic status. Epilepsy (66.3%) was the commonest neurological condition seen. There was significant association between oral hygiene status ( p  < 0.001) and the presence of chronic neurological disorder. Conclusion Epilepsy was the commonest neurological condition seen. A fifth (20%) of children with chronic neurological conditions had poor oral hygiene status and there was significant association between oral hygiene status and chronic neurological disorder among children in the study population.

Background Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare congenital disorder characterized by severe clinical and oral manifestations. The aim of this case report is to present the dental and systemic findings in two adult siblings diagnosed with CIPA, highlighting their shared genetic condition yet differing oral manifestations. This report is notable for the patients’ advanced age and provides comparative insight into variations in dentition, periodontal status, and cooperation during dental care. These features highlight the importance of long-term follow-up in CIPA patients by shedding light on the oral and systemic changes that may emerge with advancing age. Case presentation A 20-year-old male and his 22-year-old sister, both diagnosed with CIPA, presented to the Faculty of Dentistry at Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University for dental examination. The male patient showed plaque and calculus buildup, moderate gingival inflammation with bleeding, widespread staining from past iron use, and a tongue scar likely due to self-injury. He had a dolichofacial profile and missing mandibular central incisor (#31). Despite no previous dental treatment, he cooperated well and full-mouth scaling was completed. The female patient had more severe oral issues, including heavy plaque and calculus, generalized gingival recession, poor gum health, and several missing teeth. She had a brachycephalic facial pattern and restricted mouth opening due to scarring. Radiographs showed missing upper and lower central incisors (#21 and #31). Due to limited cooperation, only anterior scaling was done, and further treatment was advised under sedation or general anesthesia. Systemically, both siblings had typical CIPA findings: insensitivity to pain and temperature, recurrent high fever due to lack of sweating, joint deformities, and fingertip amputations. They also had moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, were unable to walk independently, and needed full-time caregiver support. Conclusions This case emphasizes the significance of oral and systemic alterations that can manifest in CIPA patients during adulthood. The presence of notable dental anomalies in the absence of multiple carious lesions, oral ulcerations, or missing permanent teeth distinguishes these adult cases from most CIPA reports typically documented in childhood. Additionally, a certain level of treatment compliance particularly in the male patient further emphasizes the uniqueness of this report. The findings underscore the necessity for long-term monitoring and highlight the importance of individualized dental care and follow-up strategies in managing CIPA patients.

Background Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people are a marginalized set of the population that continues to experience health care inequalities. This study aimed to assess oral health parameters including  Candida  growth and intensity among TGNC adults. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited two subgroups: 40 transgender and 40 control adults. Consented participants were interviewed and clinically examined. Data using the WHO oral health assessment forms were obtained. Samples for  Candida  growth and intensity analysis were collected from the dorsum surface of the tongue. Results 27.5% of the transgender group was HIV seropositive. Oral nicotine stomatitis and leukoplakia are reported to be the most prevalent intra-oral lesions showing a prevalence of 27.5% and 20%, respectively. The dental and periodontal health parameters of the transgender group were worse than those of the control group. The intensity of  Candida  colonies was significantly higher in the test group (p = 0.014). Conclusion Poor oral health and significant oral mucosal disorders were reported in transgender adults that have shown a higher rate of behavioral risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. Further longitudinal studies in different world regions are warranted to understand the barriers to good oral health in transgender adults and how to implement effective prevention and management strategies.

While a large number of archived digital images make it easy for radiology to provide data for Artificial Intelligence (AI) evaluation; AI algorithms are more and more applied in detecting diseases. The aim of the study is to perform a diagnostic evaluation on periapical radiographs with an AI model based on Convoluted Neural Networks (CNNs). The dataset includes 1169 adult periapical radiographs, which were labelled in CranioCatch annotation software. Deep learning was performed using the U-Net model implemented with the PyTorch library. The AI models based on deep learning models improved the success rate of carious lesion, crown, dental pulp, dental filling, periapical lesion, and root canal filling segmentation in periapical images. Sensitivity, precision and F1 scores for carious lesion were 0.82, 0.82, and 0.82, respectively; sensitivity, precision and F1 score for crown were 1, 1, and 1, respectively; sensitivity, precision and F1 score for dental pulp, were 0.97, 0.87 and 0.92, respectively; sensitivity, precision and F1 score for filling were 0.95, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively; sensitivity, precision and F1 score for the periapical lesion were 0.92, 0.85, and 0.88, respectively; sensitivity, precision and F1 score for root canal filling, were found to be 1, 0.96, and 0.98, respectively. The success of AI algorithms in evaluating periapical radiographs is encouraging and promising for their use in routine clinical processes as a clinical decision support system.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal and progressive behavioral disease with physically and psychologically significant consequences. Evaluate the presence and effects of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders in osteoporotic patients. Fifty-eight (58) patients with osteoporosis participated in this study as they were already diagnosed by Rheumatologists, physical and sport Rehabilitation physicians in Merjan Medical city/Babylon - Iraq between period February and August 2019. Twenty-seven (27) patients with T. M. J clicking as anterior disk displacements, Seventeen (17) patients with spasm in muscles of mastication, and then finally Fourteen (14) out of 58 patients with subluxation and dislocation. Osteoporosis can have a significant impact on oral health.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disorder characterized by an impairment of steroid synthesis due to an altered production of 21-hydroxylase enzyme. Corticoid hormones are involved in the development and functioning of many organs. The aim of the present study was to review the international literature to collect data regarding oral manifestations of CAH. A review of the literature describing oral features of patients affected by CAH was performed using electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus). The data about number of patients, form of CAH, and oral findings were extracted and analyzed. Seven studies were included in the final analysis. The principal findings reported regarded an advanced dental development observed in patients with CAH. One paper reported amelogenesis imperfecta and periodontal issues. The dentist could be the first specialist involved in the CAH syndrome diagnosis, identifying the characteristic features described above, especially for the classical simple virilizing and non-classical form.

The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a rare multi-system disease with non-immunological as well as immunological abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of the most distinctive symptoms, such as pneumonia with pneumatocele formation, recurring staphylococcal skin abscesses and a high serum concentration of IgE. Central mediators of immune responses such as STAT1 and STAT3 affect immune responses and contribute to changes of the skin microbiome which subsequently can amplify the defective immune response against microbial and fungal pathogens. Reactions related to an environmental factor, such as sun-induced skin changes, in individuals during long-term medication therapy have also been reported. The dermatological symptoms, oral status and other health problems of a hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome paediatric patient are presented. HIES is of great importance to different professionals because sufferers require special preventive and therapeutic management from early infancy in order to avoid complications which can even prove to be life-saving for such patients.The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a rare multi-system disease with non-immunological as well as immunological abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a triad of the most distinctive symptoms, such as pneumonia with pneumatocele formation, recurring staphylococcal skin abscesses and a high serum concentration of IgE. Central mediators of immune responses such as STAT1 and STAT3 affect immune responses and contribute to changes of the skin microbiome which subsequently can amplify the defective immune response against microbial and fungal pathogens. Reactions related to an environmental factor, such as sun-induced skin changes, in individuals during long-term medication therapy have also been reported. The dermatological symptoms, oral status and other health problems of a hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome paediatric patient are presented. HIES is of great importance to different professionals because sufferers require special preventive and therapeutic management from early infancy in order to avoid complications which can even prove to be life-saving for such patients.

Weyers acrofacial dysostosis is a rare type of ectodermal dysplasia syndrome characterized by mild short stature, postaxial polydactyly, dystrophic nails, and dental anomalies (hypodontia, microdontia, taurodontism). In this case report, we present the oral and radiographic findings of a 7-year-old girl consistent with the diagnosis of Weyers acrofacial dysostosis. Through this detailed discussion, we aim to contribute to the literature.

Background The Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an overgrowth condition characterised by macrosomia, mental deficiency, large head, prominent skull sutures, midface deficiency, hypertelorism, broad nose, wide mouth, macroglossia, malocclusion, highly arched palate, and musculoskeletal and limb abnormalities. The aim of this case report is to present clinical and oral findings of an 8-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with SGBS. Case report This patient had supernumerary nipples on the right side, cubitus valgus webbed fingers, scoliosis, umbilical hernia, a coarse face, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, a short broad nose, a wide mouth, a straight facial profile and hearing loss. The patient also had macroglossia, diastemas, over-retained primary tooth, absent mandibular permanent central incisors, and highly arched palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis revealed a large anterior cranial base, a large maxilla and mandible, a large inferior face height, and skeletal Class III jaw relationship. Follow-up After extraction of the over-retained primary central tooth, a partial prosthesis was fabricated in order to maintain function. The patient has been recalled regularly at 6-month intervals for 2 years. Over the following years the prosthesis was replaced due to facial growth. Conclusion Long term follow-up is essential for the patient with SGBS. Preventive dental care, including oral hygiene instructions, diet counselling and the use of fluoride has been implemented.